• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1993

A nutrition survey of 80 high school students in urban dormitories, 17-19 year old, in Jeonbuk province was undertaken in August of 1990, to investigate dietary intake. Total energy intake of male and female was 2,246.0 and 1,584.9 kcal respectively. Energy Intakes from breakfast, lunch and dinner were 553.5, 683.4 and 1,023.0 kcal in male, and 372.9, 391.8 and 820.2 local in female. Protein daily intake of male and female was 95.3 and 62.9g, and carbohydrate intake was 368.1g and 259.6g respectively. Total energy intake of male student was composed of carbohydrate 65%. protein 16.8% and fat 18.2% and that of female was carbohydrate 65.5%, protein 15.9% and fat 18.6% respectively.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2024

The health benefits of dietary fiber are widely recognized, but its impact on muscle health remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the relationship between dietary fiber intake and muscle strength through a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Korea National Health and Examination Survey (KNHANES). Data from a single 24-h dietary recall and handgrip strength tests of 10,883 younger adults aged 19 to 64 years and 3,961 older adults aged ≥ 65 years were analyzed. Low muscle strength was defined as handgrip strength < 28 kg for men and < 18 kg for women. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association of dietary fiber intake with muscle strength. Approximately 43% of Korean adults met the recommended intake of dietary fiber, and those with higher dietary fiber consumption also had higher total energy and protein intake. After adjusting for confounding variables, dietary fiber intake was found to be positively associated with maximal handgrip strength in younger women aged 19 to 64 years (β = 0.015; standard error [SE] = 0.006) and older men aged ≥ 65 years (β = 0.035; SE = 0.014). For older women aged ≥ 65 years, those in the lowest quartile of dietary fiber intake had a higher risk of low muscle strength than those in the highest quartile after adjustment of confounders (odds ratio 1.709; 95% confidence interval 1.130-2.585). These results suggest that adequate dietary fiber intake may reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older Korean women.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.511-523
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• 2013

This research involved a survey on the dietary patterns of children and adolescents living in group homes, to find out their wrong eating habits and to devise measures for correcting their problems. The BMIs of the subject children and adolescents in group homes were measured, and the result showed that although many of them appeared to have normal weights, about 42.2% were actually underweight. Most of them had meals regularly, three times a day at fixed times. However, half of them frequently skipped breakfast because of the lack of time in the morning. In addition, more than half of them had the habit of having imbalanced diets, especially with low vegetable intake. The score for their satisfaction toward meals at group homes were highest (3.97) with the taste of food, while it was relatively lower (3.61) with the variety of food than with the other items. The average score for their snack intake was 3.47, showing that the majority of them had the habit of eating snacks, while the largest portion (26.0%) of them preferred bread and cookies. According to the result of the analysis on their food intake, overall calorie intake was about 82~96% of estimated energy requirements, while that of the male subjects aged 12 or older was about 82% of the standard energy requirements. Their overall intake of calcium and potassium was lower than recommended nutrition intake, but sodium intake was higher than 3 times recommended intake. Especially, in addition to calcium and potassium, the male subjects aged 15 or older showed low intake of dietary fiber, iron, zinc, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C and folate also; whereas the female subjects aged 15 or older showed low intake of iron, zinc, riboflavin and folate also. Taken together, it was concluded that government level of dietary life-related support and management would be necessary for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents in group homes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.601-611
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• 2019

As the economy of Korea has developed, dietary patterns have also changed in many ways. Rural areas, in particular, demonstrate relatively lower food accessibility than in urban areas. The aim of this study was to examine whether or not there were differences in food accessibility between urban and rural areas using data of the Census on Basic Characteristics of Establishments, Consumer Behavior Survey for Food, of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Also investigated was how such differences would affect the frequency of food purchase, dietary intake, and nutrition intake by district. The results showed that districts with the lowest 10% in food accessibility had lower frequency of food purchase than did the highest 10% districts. In terms of nutrition intake, the daily average nutrition intake was not significantly different among districts. Yet, analysis of the amount of weekly dietary intake indicated that food oasis districts had from 1.3 to 3 times greater dietary intake than did food desert districts. These findings mean that the difference in food accessibility causes unbalanced food intake. Thus, the government must take a comprehensive approach to ensure that rural residents get greater food accessibility.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.671-677
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• 2001

The purposes of this study are to evaluate nutritional status and dietary intake of vitamin A in 5th and 6th grade primary school children in Chungbuk. Also the relationships between nutritional status and factors relevant to dietary intake of vitamin A were examined. For the study, total 180 children in urban area of Chongju city(37 boys and 40 girls) and rural area of Eumsong gun(56 boys and 47 girls) were recruited. For the assessment of dietary nutrients intake including vitamin A, 1-day, 24-hr recall method was applied. And serum retinol contents were analyzed by HPLC to diagnose the nutritional status of vitamin A. The average of daily vitamin A intake was 490R.E., 81.8% of RDA. Vitamin A intake of urban was higher than that of rural children(p < 0.001). Of the total dietary vitamin A intake, only 25.8% came from animal retinol, means that children still heavily depend on plant carotenoids as vitamin A floods. The average serum retinol concentration of total 180 children was 37.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml. Serum retinol concentration of urban children was 37.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1, significantly higher than rural children of 35.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1(p < 0.05). According to the biochemical criteria, no one was in critical vitamin A nutritional status. Because of relatively large day-to-day vitamin A intake, 1-day, 24-hr recall method may not be the proper way to assess the usual intake of vitamin A. In conclusion , to diagnose the nutritional status of vitamin A by dietary survey, it is necessary to develop new survey technique which measure the dietary habit of the people.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the validity of using a cameraphone for a dietary intake survey method. The subjects were 28 female college students. After eating a standard lunch meal which consisted of plain rice, seaweed soup, bulgogi, cucumber salad, roasted anchovy and kimchi, the quantity of dietary intake, calorie intake & nutrients intake were analyzed by weighed method, diet record method and cameraphone method by dietitian with k without cameraphone analysis training. There were no significant differences in the quantity of 6 foods intake between weighted method and cameraphone method by dietitians with camera phone analysis training. However, the quantity of seaweed soup, bulgogi & cucumber salad intake analyzed by diet record method was significantly lower than the weighed method. And the quantity of seaweed soup, bulgogi, cucumber salad, roasted anchovy and kimchi intake analyzed by the cameraphone method by dietitians without cameraphone analysis training was significantly lower than the weighed method. There were no significant differences in the calorie intake and nutrients intake between the weighted method and camera phone method by dietitians with camera-phone analysis training. However, protein, calcium, iron, phosphorous, Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_2$, Vitamin E and cholesterol intake analyzed by diet record method was significantly lower than the weighed method. And fat and Vitamin $B_2$ intake analyzed by the camera phone method by dietitians without cameraphone analysis training was significantly lower than the weighed method. Therefore, this study suggests that the use of the camerephone may be a valid and convenient method fur evaluating a dietary intake survey. However, systematic and standard education is necessary about the size and volume of dishes and angle of photo for more accurate results.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.689-698
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the diversity of food intake and nutrient intake among Korean college students participating in a nutrition education class via the internet. The subjects were 796 college students throughout South Korea (278 males, 518 females). A 3 days dietary recall survey was conducted and results were analyzed using the Computer-aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Dietary variety was assessed by DDS (dietary diversity score), MBS (meal balance score), and DVS (dietary variety score). Dietary quality was assessed by NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), and MAR (mean adequacy ratio). As the DDS, MBS and DVS increased, the NAR and MAR improved. The subjects with a DDS of above 4 or a MBS of above 10 or a DVS of above 11 met two-thirds of the Korean recommended dietary allowance for most nutrients. The DDS, MBS and DVS correlated positively and significantly with the NAR and MAR. Associations between the NAR and high levels of DVS were more positive than those between the NAR and the DDS. Based on these results, the food intake of these subjects was not adequate. Specially, the dietary intake of calcium and iron were not adequate. Therefore, dietary guidelines should be made considering nutritional characteristics so as to improve the intake from all of the major food groups and provide a variety of foods in their diets.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.769-780
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in dietary consumption patterns according to the exercise level of Korean adults. The study subjects were the 7,370 Koreans aged 20 years and older of the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey. The dietary assessment was conducted by means of the 24 hour recall method. Data for individual exercise behavior were collected by interviews as part of the National Health Behavior Survey. Following the analysis of variances the Duncan＇s Multiple Range Test was used to test the differences in food and nutrient intakes among groups with different levels of exercise. Current exercise practices were reported by 22% of the male subjects and 15% of the female subjects. Unlike observations from the American and European studies, a greater amount of meat intake was observed more frequently among high exercises group than among middle and low exercisers in the case of the male subjects. This was reflected in the increasing levels of protein and fat intake in proportion to the exercise levels. However, the food and nutrient intake patterns of female exercisers were quite different from those of the males. The least intake of fatty foods was observed among the high exercisers. Energy intake from fat was the lowest among the high exercisers. These results may imply that the motivation to exercise was quite different between male and female Koreans. This dietary pattern may have a risk of undernution. Summerizing the results, whatever the motivation of the exercise, the Korean exercisers of both sexes had unhealthy dietary pattern. Therefore, nutritional education should be conducted to encourage the eating of a balanced diet along with exercise, among Koreans of both sexes, in order to promote a healthy lifestyle.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2021

Objectives: The study aims to examine the variation over roughly the past 10 years (from 2008 to 2018) in the estimated daily dietary Pb intake (Pb-D) based on the variations of daily intake amount and Pb content in respective food groups. The following factors were considered: (1) variation of estimated value of Pb-D, (2) Pb contents in each food group and (3) the most influential food group for dietary Pb intake. Methods: Estimated values of Pb-D were taken from food consumption by the food groups reported in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey and the Pb content of each food group as reported in 19 previous publications. Variation from 2008 to 2018 of Pb intake was calculated from daily intake amount and Pb content in each food group. Results: The survey showed that main Pb intake sources were the food groups 'meats and poultry' and 'fish and shellfish'. These food groups showed gradually increased Pb exposure from 2008 to 2018. Estimated daily Pb intake was 42.18 to 57.68 ㎍/day for men and 30.97 to 42.54 ㎍/day for women. Both men and women showed slightly increased dietary Pb intake from 2008 to 2018. The food groups 'meats and poultry' and 'fish and shellfish' proved the highest Pb intake food groups. Estimated Pb intake from 'meats and poultry' was 8.47 to 12.98 ㎍/day and that of 'fish and shellfish' was 5.63 to 10.10 ㎍/day. Conclusion: Over the past ten years, daily Pb intake has slightly increased in men and women. The food groups 'meats and poultry' and 'fish and shellfish' might be the main variation factors of Pb intake.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to discover the changes in obesity prevalence and dietary habits in Korean adults residing in various residential areas during the last 10 years. Methods: Data on Korean adults aged 19 years and above was obtained from the 4th (2007-2009) and the 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were classified into metropolitan (4th: n=5,977, 7th: n=6,651), urban (4th: n=4,511, 7th: n=5,512) and rural (4th: n=3,566, 7th: n=2,570) based on their residence. The general characteristics, nutrient intake, intake amount, food groups, and healthy dietary factors were analyzed. The association between residential areas and obesity prevalence were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: In urban and rural areas, the obesity rate increased in the 7th survey compared to the 4th survey, excluding the metropolitan area. The carbohydrate intake decreased, and lipid intake increased in the 7th survey compared to the 4th survey. Over the same period, the intake of cereals and vegetables decreased, and the intake of meat and processed foods increased. Rural residents had a higher intake of cereals and vegetables, and a lower intake of milk and processed foods than those in metropolitan areas and urban residents. The proportion of subjects who practiced a healthy diet increased in the 7th survey compared to the 4th survey. In the 4th survey, there was no relationship seen between the prevalence of obesity and the subject's residential area, but in the 7th survey, the odds ratio of obesity was higher in rural areas than in the metropolitan areas, confirming the regional gap (OR: 1.16, 95% CI=1.00-1.36, P=0.044). Conclusions: This study showed that the obesity prevalence increased in rural residents compared to metropolitan residents, indicating a gap between the regions. The nutrient intake and intake of food groups changed in the 10 years under consideration, and there were differences seen between regions. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a policy that will reduce obesity prevalence and health inequalities between regions.