• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.209-218
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• 2017

Healthcare services can be provided through a number of independent service platforms for measurement of vital signs, diagnosis and prevention of diseases, and Information and communication technology(ICT) such as internet and mobile are converged to provide health information to users at anytime and anywhere, and it is in the center of the IoT(Internet of things). Accordingly, in this paper, we designed IoT based urination management system and evaluate the performance. A low - power Zigbee network was constructed for the configuration of the urination management system. The implemented capacitive diaper sensor was operable for the duration of 2,000 hours. We also built a database server using Raspberry Pi, a tiny embedded device, and stored the collected data to verify the data through an Android-based mobile application. The proposed urination management system can be utilized not only for the older patients, but also for the infants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.329-331
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• 2006

Alkaptonuria is a rare metabolic disease in which homogentisic acid cannot be metabolized due to a lack of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase. The disease often manifests itself in childhood by darkening of the urine upon standing. The disease leads to such serious consequences as ochronosis of cartilage and connective tissues with arthritis. It is expected that treatment with ascorbic acid and a dietary restriction of protein may decrease the late and serious consequences by diminishing the serum concentration of the metabolite benzoquinone acetic acid. A thirteen month-old girl was recently diagnosed with alkaptonuria by urine organic acid analysis. She excreted pinkish urine on a diaper and as time went by the urine color changed to a light brown. In laboratory findings, urine examination and culture results were normal. But urine organic acid analysis detected abnormal findings a prominent and massive elevation of homogentisic acid. The other physical findings were normal. This is the first case diagnosed in Korea.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-86
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• 2004

Food allergy is not uncommon among small children. Cow milk and eggs are most frequently incriminated as the major cause of food allergy. A 4-month-old female infant who did not have a previous history of contact with the egg developed anaphylactic shock when an emulsion of raw egg white was rubbed on the buttock by her mother to relieve erosive diaper dermatitis. She had been fed on breast milk. She had no past medical history of any other allergy and no family history of atopy, asthma or allergic rhinitis. Her IgE PRIST was 29.46 IU/ml and multiple antigen simultaneous testing chemiluminescent assay for food specific IgE antibody showed a level 4 positive value only to egg white.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.1006-1011
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• 2010

Purpose: This study aimed to identify 'objective' differential factors for normal frequent loose stool (NFLS) and diarrheal illness with dehydration and nutritional deficiency (DIDN) among infants with chronic frequent loose stool (CFLS). Methods: Data were analyzed from infants under 2 years of age with CFLS who had been transferred from general pediatricians. These 46 patients were divided into 2 groups (NFLS versus DIDN). Nocturnal stool was defined as evacuation between 10 pm and 6 am. Maximal stool amount/day (measured using the mother's hand) was specified as the highest score during the period of CFLS obtained by adding up each evacuation's score (range, 0-2 points). Results: There were 36 cases of NFLS and 10 of DIDN. A failure to gain weight ($P$=0.0001), fever ($P$=0.0079), colic/abdominal pain ($P$=0.0014), gross blood in stool (except allergic proctocolitis) ($P$=0.0113), nocturnal stool ($P$=0.0001), and the score of stool amount ($P$=0.0001) were found to significantly differentiate the groups. A failure to gain weight was observed in 39% of even NFLS. The frequency, mucus content, and microbiological findings of stools, as well as diaper dermatitis were not found to significantly differentiate the groups. Conclusion: NFLS was more common than DIDN in infants with CFLS. The most 'objective' differential factors were nocturnal stool and the score of stool amount (${\geq}7$ points/day).

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.145-162
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to understand magnitude and its related factors of user's cost-sharing for non-covered services in long-term care facilities. We corrected data for 1,016 subjects, based on the long-term care benefits cost specification. Eighteen subjects were excluded from the data analysis due to missing data on family care-givers characteristics. Finally, 998 subjects were included in the study. The average cost of non-covered services per month was 209,093 won and distributed from 0 to 1,011,490 won. There was a significant difference by the characteristics of family care-givers and long-term care facilities. The monthly average cost for meal materials per person was 199,181 won(0~558,000), average cost of additional charge caused by using private bed was 232,992 won (50,000~600,000), and costs for haircut and cosmetics were 8,599 won. For the rest, there were various programs costs(93,328 won), diaper and its disposal cost(109,628 won), purchase cost for daily necessaries(24,435 won) and etc. The related factors for the magnitude of non-covered services expenditures were education level of family care-givers, occupancy rate and location of LTC facilities, and the costs of using private bed, haircut and cosmetics, and various programs among non-covered services. These findings suggest that present level range of LTC facilities users' cost-sharing is wide and it is urgent to prepare the standard guideline for cost and level in non-covered services.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.281-290
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of kangaroo care on anxiety and confidence and gratification of mothering role in mothers of low birth weight infants. The subjects were 30 mothers of low birth weight infants, sixteen for the kangaroo care group and fourteen for the control group, whose infants hospitalized in two neonatal intensive care unit at two university-affiliated hospital. The kangaroo care was applied 9 times during the twenty six days with 40 minutes for each session. The kangaroo care provides the skin-to-skin contact during which a low birth weight infant wearing a diaper and a hat is placed on its mother's chest. The questionnaire, state anxiety was completed before beginning the first intervention. The questionnaire, state anxiety and confidence and gratification of mothering role were completed at 2 weeks after discharge. The data were analyzed by a SPSS program. The results were as follows : 1. There were no significant differences in the state anxiety between the kangaroo care and the control group before beginning the first intervention. The state anxiety was significantly lower in kangaroo care group than in control group. 2. The confidence of mothering role was significantly higher in kangaroo care group than in control group at 2 weeks after discharge. 3. The gratification of mothering role was significantly higher in kangaroo care group than in control group at 2 weeks after discharge. 4. In mothers of low birth weight infants, the state anxiety was negatively correlated to the confidence of mothering role and the gratification of mothering role at 2 weeks after discharge. And the confidence of mothering role in mothers of low birth weight infants was positively correlated to the gratification of mothering role at 2 weeks after discharge. These results suggest that kangaroo care is an effective nursing intervention for mothers of low birth weight infants in reducing the state anxiety, improving the confidence and gratification of mothering role.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.344-353
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• 2000

This study was designed to compare the educational needs and satisfactory about infant care of the mothers in the Post-partum Care Center for development of the educational program. The subjects for this study were 100 mothers in the Post-partum Care Center in Seoul and Buchon. The data were collected during the period from Feb. to March, 2000. The Educational Need and satisfactory for Infant Care was measured by questionnaire that has developed by researchers. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics, paired t-test using SPSS PC+ WIN. The results were as fellow; 1) The educational needs of the mothers in the Post-partum Care Center were high (mean=4.32). 2) The satisfactory of the mothers in the Post-partum Care Center of educational program of infant care were middle range (mean=3.60). 3) The educational needs of infant cares in the Post-partum Care Center were higher than satisfactory of the mothers in the Post-partum Care Center of educational program of infant care(t=7.71 p=.000). 4) The educational need by content was signs, symptoms and management of disorders(i.g. cyanosis, seizure, fever, etc.) were higher than general care of baby(i.g. feeding, diaper change etc.). In conclusion, when the infant caregiver in the Post-partum Care Center teaching the method of infant care to mother, there should be in consideration of educational need of mother. And its educational contents must be included of mental and emotional development and signs, symptoms and management of disorders.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.149-170
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to link the Yi tribe's traditional patterns to bag design. Yi tribe is a minor ethic group in China, whose traditional pattern has a high artistic value in that its shapes are diverse and each one has peculiar elegance. Traditional patterns are also indicative of spiritual dept or symbolic stories, rather than being indicative of simple formative beauty. Thus, reorganizing these patterns and applying them artistically to design- in terms of resource utilization- would be significant. Out of all of the Yi tribe's traditional patterns, the cherry blossom_(马樱花), water wave_(水波), sky father and earth mother_(天父地母), pomegranate blossom, triangle, sheep' horn, wisteria vine_(藤条), square and diaper_(四角菱形) and the zigzag_(曲折) patterns were chosen for use during the development of a bag design. This study is based upon document study, including research papers and internet web sites, the point of which was to investigate the form of the traditional patterns, and the creative design process. The design procedure includes these sub-processes: selection, arrangement and color-scheme. In the selection process, the form of the pattern was edited using Adobe Photoshop. The pattern was freely arranged to reflect various emotions. In terms of the color-scheme of the patterns, the colors used by Henri Matisse(1869-1954) in his work were selected and adapted when dyeing the patterns. Subsequently, the final design resulting from these design development processes was applied to the actual production of the bag by using canvas fabric and leather, after which the bag image was proposed using computer simulation. In conclusion, six bag designs were created using traditional patterns from the Yi tribe. Through the processes explained above, this study confirmed that traditional patterns could be widely applied as design motifs and that more sophisticated, modern, and creative designs could be developed based on traditional patterns.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2020

By the standards and specifications for hygiene products, three test methods for formaldehyde are specified for each item type of hygiene product. After derivatization using acetylacetone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH), formaldehyde is analyzed by spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Validation of the three test methods was performed on tissue, diaper lining and waterproof layer, and panty liner products. The results of linearity (R²), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery rate (%) and reproducibility (%), showed that all three methods are suitable for analyzing formaldehyde in hygiene products. After derivatization with 2,4-DNPH and cetylacetone, formaldehyde was analyzed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 24 and 48 hours by HPLC. Formaldehyde derivatized with 2,4-DNPH showed no statistically significant change in formaldehyde peak area over time (P>0.05). But, acetylacetone-derivatizated formaldehyde showed a negative correlation coefficient (r) over time (P<0.01). We investigated the residual amounts of formaldehyde in 205 hygiene products distributed in Busan. Among 74 disposable diaper products tested, 73 had low concentrations of formaldehyde (0.13-29.87 mg/kg). Moreover, formaldehyde was not detected in any of 78 tissue, 27 disposable paper towel, 12 disposable dishcloth, 7 paper cup, one brand of paper straw and 6 disposable napkin products.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.64-78
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to measure the degree of gravidas' knowledge of infant care activity, and to identify the factors influencing the difference of gravidas' knowledge. The subjects of this study consisted of 159 gravida visited 2 general hospitals, 2 OB/GY clinics and 2 midwives' clinics in J city for anenatal care. The data were collected from December 1 to 30, J.989. The instrument used for this study was true false type question which was developed by investigator through literature review. Data were analyzed by percentage, mean, t-test and ANOVA on significant difference with SPSS program. The results of this study were, summarized as follow: 1) The degree of gravidas' knowledge of infant care activity was 36.75, the degree of gravidas' know ledge of physical care activicy was 16.70, and the degree of gravidas' knowledge of psychosocial care activity was 20.00. 2) Among the physical care activity knowledge items, the diaper should be changed whenever it is soiled, $\lceil$shortly after feeding is over, bathing is bad$\rfloor$, $\lceil$gently patted or stroked on the back when bubbling$\rfloor$, $\lceil$10 minutes time in bathing is appropriate$\rfloor$, $\lceil$infant is crying whenever he is hungry per 3-4 hours$\rfloor$, and "room humidity controled 60 percent, more or less> were over a' percentage of 80 of right answer. Among the physical care, accivity knowledge items. $\lceil$a reason for burping was the air' he has swallowed will rise to the top of his stomach and be eructated$\rfloor$, $\lceil$burping is advisable after the feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$dressing of umbilical area is not necessary$\rfloor$, $\lceil$the thermometer should not be boiled for disinfection$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is important chat the infant grasp the whole nipple within his mouth$\rfloor$, $\lceil$using alcohol sponge is bad whenever diaper is soiled", and $\lceil$when temperature is taken by the rectal method, infant legs shoud be grasped firmly_! were less than a percentage of 60 of right answer. 3) Among the psychosocial care activity knowledge items, $\lceil$it is nice, mother smile at bady frequently$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother praise a bady frequently$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother express bady's behavior$\rfloor$, $\lceil$talk frequently to the bady, the bady :should not be disturbed while feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother see a baby face to face , $\lceil$it is nice, mother concentrate one's attention on her baby while playing$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother pat one's baby while he is feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is advisable, the baby is allowed to touch mother's breast while he is feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is advisable to stop feeding, if the baby protrudes one's tongue or cries while feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$baby is able to hear, see and smell$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother Concentrate one's attention on her baby while feeding$\rfloor$, and $\lceil$it is not advisable for mother to scold baby while he is crying out> were over a percentage of 80 of right answer. Among the psychosocial care activity knowledge items, $\lceil$Using' baby talks is bad when mother talks to baby> and $\lceil$it is nice, mother soothes the baby as soon as possible when he is crying I were less than a percentage of 60 of right answer. 4) There was statistically significant relationship between the degree of gravidas' knowledge of infant care activity and the demographic variables of gravida such as the age(p<0.01) and education level(p<0.01). From these results, it may be concluded that gravidas' knowledge of infant care activity is moderate level, and gravidas' knowledge of psychosocial care activity is greater than that of physical care activity. Also prenatal nursing educations should focus on subjects who have lower percentage of right answer in infant care activity knowledge items.dge items.