• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.223-236
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• 2003

The vegetation in this study area was divided into 10 plant communities: Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. serratea, Q. variabilis, Q. aliena, Q. dentata, Carpinus coreana, Betula davurica and 3 afforestations; Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Castanea crenata. The dominant species in each stratum as determined by R-NCD appeared to be Q. acutissima, P. densiflora, Platycarya strobilacea, Sorbus alnifolia and Q. aliena in the tree-2 layer, Rhododendron mucronulatum, P. strobilacea, Q. serrata, Q. aliena and Q. acutissima in the shrub layer, and Carex lanceolata, C. humilis, R. mucronulatum, Mischanthus sinensis var. purpurascens and Oplismenus undulatifolius in the herb layer. The distribution of diameter at breast height(DBH) showed the highest percentage (56%) in the range of 2∼10㎝ in the study area and it was investigated as being in the restoration phase after disturbance. The average of the age of trees was under 40-years-od. The pH of soil collected at each site appeared to be within the range between 4.53 and 5.10(the average of 4.73) in each community, organic matters appeared higher than the value in Q. mongolica, P. rigida, C. crenata communities compared to P. thunbergii, P. densiflora communities. And soil organic matters and total nitrogen were highly correlated with their contents.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.646-657
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to understand the ecological characteristics and vegetation structure of Mt. Daedun Provincial Park by setting up and surveying 42 plots ($100m^2$). The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Quercus aliena community, Larix kaempferi community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Pinus rigida community, Carpinus tschonoskii community, and Quercus mongolica community. The results of a vegetation structure analysis showed that the dominant species of each community were likely to maintain the present structure, but, in the case of Pinus densiflora community, it is necessary to monitor the forest succession because of the competition with oak trees. The results of the DBH (diameter of breast height) analysis showed that the species in DBH 20-24cm and over 26cm were many observed, indicating that the communities were becoming stable. It is likely that the dominant species of tree canopies will maintain their state unless the unexpected physical environment changes, serious disturbance, pests or diseases occur. The results of the tree rings and annual growth analysis showed that the dominant trees had an average age of more than 40 years. The average annual growth was the highest for Quercus variabilis in community I at $3.51{\pm}2.39mm$ and the lowest for Quercus mongolica in community VII at $1.61{\pm}0.90mm$.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.322-330
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• 2018

Herbivory is a major functional component of forest ecosystems, and herbivorous insects comprise about 25% of all insect species. Increasing plant diversity is related to herbivore abundance and diversity, which affects the level of leaf damage caused by insects. This study was conducted to identify plant-related variables such as plant diversity and number of leaves and density-related variables, basal area, and diameter at breast height (DBH) in a temperate forest of southern South Korea. To assess the level of leaf damage caused by leaf chewing insects, we set up two 0.1 ha plots in a temperate deciduous forest on Mt. Jirisan National Park. Plant richness differed between two sites: 16 species in 14 families(site 1) and 19 species in 15 families (site 2). Fisher's alpha index based on plant species richness and abundance resulted in 4.41 (site 1) and 6.57 (site 2). However, the sum of basal area of each site was higher in site 1 ($6.6m^2$) than site 2 ($3.7m^2$). The total surveyed leaves at two sites were 3,832 and 4,691, respectively and the damage leaves were 1,544 and 2,136, respectively. The mean leaf damage level was 11.2% (${\pm}1.76%$) in two study sites: the leaf damage level of the site 1 (11.99%) was significantly higher than site 2 (10.59%). Stepwise regression analysis showed that species diversity and evenness were the significant variables for leaf damages by chewing herbivores. NMDS ordination also identified that high tree density and low species diversity were the significant variables. This suggested that the level of damage was significantly higher in plots with low plant diversity and high tree density. In the future, we will investigate other guilds of herbivores such as sap-suckers, miners and gallers in temperate deciduous forests.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2009

This study was carried out to select effective preventive pesticides against pine wilt disease caused by pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus on trunk injection. 1,000 fold aquatic solution of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC were lower mortality (7.3% and 8.3% respectively) against PWN on 1 day after treatment. However effects of abamectin 1.8% EC, emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC, fosthiazate 30% SL and fenitrothion 30% SL were inhibited the reproduction of PWN over 99.6% in Botrytis cineria media. Effect of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $10\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in diameter of breast height (DBH) on mortality of Japanese black pine, Pinus thungergii by inoculated PWN was 0% and 3.3%, respectively at the applied year however when injection of fosthiazate 30% SL were treated with the rate of $5\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm tree DBH, mortality of tree was 63.3%. Abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC was showed high preventive efficacy representing >90% against PWN at the following year. PWN preventing efficacy of trunk injection was lower in naturally occurred area (mortality of pine tree in control was 11.7% at the first year) of PWN than artificially infected site (mortality of pine tree in control was >76.7% at the first year), PWN preventing efficacy of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $10\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in DBH was 91.5% and 82.9%, respectively, at the applied year and 89.5% and 82.6% respectively at the following year in PWN naturally occurred site. Control efficacy by trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC was more higher in 10 fold dilution with 10 fold high amount of aquatic solution than no dilution with 10 fold less amount of aquatic solution. The preventive effect of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $5\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in DBH was showed 100% at the applied year in PWN inoculated tree.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2023

This study was conducted to confirm the possibility of a new carbon stock in the Sejong National Arboretum, a major urban greenspace in Sejong-si. This study involved field and ground surveys of 1,336 trees, including 794 Pinus densiflora trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of above 5.5cm, which are the most planted in the Sejong National Arboretum, Chionanthus retusus 154 trees planted, Metasequoia glyptostroboides 216 trees, and Aesculus turbinata 172 trees as street trees. Measurements were performed from April to November. Based on the results of the survey, the carbon storage and annual carbon stock were calculated using the annual carbon stock estimation equation used in the forest carbon offset projects. As a result of comparing the carbon stock of the 12cm diameter class, which is the most distributed of four major trees, it was found in the order of C. retusus (0.0136tC/tree), P. densiflora (0.0126tC/tree), M. glyptostroboides (0.0092tC/tree), and A. turbinata (0.0076tC/tree). In addition, the field survey measurement data compared with terrestrial LiDAR measurement data for 20 trees showed a difference of 10.0cm in tree height and 1.7cm in diameter at breast height (p<0.05). In the future, additional carbon stock and annual uptake of other species planted in the arboretum are expected to promote the carbon uptake effect of the arboretum and contribute to the achievement of the national NDC. In the long term, it is also necessary to develop the carbon uptake factor of trees and shrubs mainly used to calculate the exact carbon uptake amount of trees mainly used in urban forests and gardens.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2015

This study aims to quantify the stand-level above ground biomass in intact tropical rain forest of Brunei using airborne LiDAR data. Twenty four sub-plots with the size of 0.09ha ($30m{\times}30m$) were located in the 25ha study area along the altitudinal gradients. Field investigated data (Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and individual tree position data) in sub-plots were used. Digital Surface Model (DSM), Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Canopy Height Model (CHM) were constructed using airborne LiDAR data. CHM was divided into 24 sub-plots and 12 LiDAR height metrics were built. Multiple regression equation between the variables extracted from the LiDAR data and biomass calculated by using a allometric equation was derived. Stand-level biomass estimated from LiDAR data were distributed from 155.81 Mg/ha to 597.21 Mg/ha with the mean value of 366.48 Mg/ha. R-square value of the verification analysis was 0.84.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 1998

This study, as an essential research to develope a mountainous runoff model, was conducted to clarify the hydrologic character and water budget equation of Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima. Net rainfall quantity division for two species was investigated at Youngsung experiment forest and Yeungnam University for 30 months(Sep. 1995-Jun. 1998). The results were summarized as follows; 1. The percentages of throughfall and stemflow to gross precipitation are 73.8% and 0.8% in the Pinus densiflora, and 76.9% and 3.8% in the Quercus acutissima, respectively 2. In the Pinus densiflora, regression fomula of stemflow, throughfall, and net rainfall to gross precipitation are S$_{f}$ = 0.01GP-2.05 ($r^2$=0.54) T$_{f}$ = 0.79Gp - 26.04 ($r^2$=0.92), N$_{r}$ = 0.81Gp - 28.09 ($r^2$=0.92). Stemflow and throughfall increased in direct proportion to gross precipitation. 3. In the Quercus acutissima, regression fomula of stemflow, throughfall, and net rainfall to gross precipitation are S$_{f}$ = 0.03Gp + 12.25 ($r^2$=0.74), T$_{f}$ = 0.78Gp + 19.75 ($r^2$=0.96), N$_{r}$ = 0.81Gp + 3199 ($r^2$=0.96), respectively. Comparing with two species, gross precipitation has a much larger effect on the stemflow and throughfall of Quercus acutissima than those of Pinus densiflora. 4. In the analysis of intercorrelation between stemflow and throughfall of each species and crown area(CA), diameter at breast height(DBH), and gross precipitation(Gp), correlation coefficient was higher by following order at each species; Gp>CA>DBH on stemflow of Pinus densinora, Gp>DBH>CA on stemflow of Quercus acutissima, and Gp>CA>DBH on throughfall of Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima.ssima.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2009

The residues of abamectin 1.8% EC, resisted for control of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in pine tree were surveyed in tissue of Pinus thunbergii and P. koraiensis after injection of a liquid formulation. Limits of detection of abamectin in tissue of P. thunbergii were $0.05\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and mean recoveries at $0.5\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ trunk injection were 90.9% and 93.1% respectively in stem and trunk of P. thunbergii. Abamectin 1.8% EC, trunk injected in 15 m height P. thunbergii were detected in all stem (edible part of carrier insect of pine wood nematode, Monochamus alternatus) from 0.29 to $0.73\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ after 150 days injection. Amount of residue of abamectin 1.8% EC in 12.6 cm mean breast height diameter (DBH) P. thunbergii were variable depending on individual trees in natural forest. Amount of residues in lower and middle part of trunk were reduced with the passage of the injection time. In upper part of trunk were detected $1.84\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ on 30 days after injection however $0.65\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ on 15 days after injection and under detection limit on 100 and 180 days after injection in P. thunbergii. Bottom and middle parts of crown were detected $0.183\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.173\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ respectively on 180 days after injection in P. thunbergii. Mean residues of abamectin in crown and trunk were $0.80\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.30\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ on 170 days after trunk injection in 20 cm DBH and 9 m height P. koraiensis. Mean residues of abamectin in crown and trunk were $0.67\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.36\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ on 170 days after trunk injection in 15 cm DBH and 6 m height P. koraiensis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.613-618
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• 2012

The 5-year-old seedlings and emblings which regenerated from somatic embryos were compared to the height, DBH, foliar characteristics, content of chlorophyll (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll), carotenoid and leaf microstructure in Liriodendron tulipifera. In comparison of height and DBH (diameter at breast height), no significant differences were found in height (seedling, 3.8 m; embling, 3.87 m) and DBH (seedling, 12.09 cm; embling, 12.53 cm). The emblings and seedlings were similar in values of length (seedling, 108.11 mm, embling, 113.59 mm), width (seedling, 149.1 mm; embling, 167.71 mm), surface area (seedling, $119.92mm^2$; embling, $164.43mm^2$), fresh weight (seedling, 2.1 g; embling, 2.62 g) of leaf, and length (seedling, 81.49 mm; embling, 98.41 mm) and thickness (seedling, 1.66 mm; embling, 1.98 mm) of petiole. In case of chlorophyll content in the leaves, the chlorophyll a (seedlings, $11.2{\mu}g/g$; emblings, $13.2{\mu}g/g$), b (seedlings, $4.8{\mu}g/g$; emblings, $5.4{\mu}g/g$) and total content were higher in emblings ($930.2{\mu}g/g$) than seedlings ($800.1{\mu}g/g$), however, content of carotenoid (seedlings, $260.3{\mu}g/g$; embling, $265.2{\mu}g/g$) showed similar in both plants. Leaves of emblings had a similar pattern of histological structure (palisade or sponge parenchyma) to that of seedlings leaves. Therefore, the results showed that there were no remarkable growth differences when compared with 5-year-emblings and seedlings of yellow poplar.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.483-494
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• 2006

We conducted QTL mapping for 6-year growths of open-pollinated half-sib progenies from a selected clone 7-1037 in Pinus taeda. With an AFLP marker analysis on haploid DNA samples from the megagametophytes of the open-pollinated seeds, we constructed 20 framework maps spanning a total of 1,869 cM in total length and 18.5 cM in an average interval length between markers. Composite interval mapping reveals that one QTL explains 5.9% of the total phenotypic variation of height, and three QTLs account for 3.9~5.6% of the variation of diameter at breast height (DBH). There are no correlations between the QTLs. The genetic effects of the QTLs are 39.6 cm in height and 7.20~9.41 mm in DBH, respectively, The average effects of gene substitution of the markers closely linked with the QTLs are 44.3 cm in height and 8.38~11.81 m in DBH. Under an assumption that the within-family heritability for the growth traits of loblolly pine is less than 0.2, the QTLs account for 26.8% of the additive genetic variance of the progenies. In terms of relative selection efficiency, the individual selection based on QTL markers could be 5 times as high as phenotypic selection. The results in this study indicate that the QTL mapping method with open-pollinated half-sib family could be more practical and applicable to the conventional seed orchard-based selection work than other mapping methods with a single full-sib family, in particular from the viewpoint that it can provide crucial information for within-family individual selection such as breeding value.