• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.421-437
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• 2010

Surface particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration estimated from Maximum Normalized Difference Carbon Index (MNDCI) algorithm using SeaWiFS data is used to determine spatial and temporal variations of the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) in the East China Sea. 10-year monthly POC concentrations (1997-2007) show clearly seasonal variations. Inter-annual variation of POC in whole and three different areas separated by standard deviation is not linearly correlated with the Changjiang River discharge that has decreased after 1998. To determine more detailed spatial and temporal POC variations, we used empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis in summer (Jun.-Sep.) from 2000 to 2007. First mode is spatially and temporally correlated with the area influenced by the Changjiang River discharge. Second mode is temporally less sensitive with the Changjiang River discharge but spatially correlated with north-south patterns. Relatively higher POC variations during 2000 and 2003 were shown in the southern East China Sea. These patterns during 2004 and 2007 moved to the northern East China Sea. This phenomenon is better related to spatial variations of wind-direction than the amount of Changjiang River discharge, which is verified from in-situ measurement.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 1998

To establish a monthly data collection planning for the Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager (OSMI), we have examined the global patterns of three impacting factors: pigment concentration, cloud cover, and sun glint. Other than satellite mission constraints (e.g., duty cycle), these three factors are considered critical for the OSMI data collection. The Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) monthly mean products and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) monthly mean products (C2) were used for the analysis of pigment concentration and cloud cover distributions, respectively. And the monthly-simulated patterns of sun glint were produced by performing the OSMI orbit prediction and the calculation of sun glint radiances at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA). Using monthly statistics (mean and/or standard deviation) of each factor in the above for a given 10$^{\circ}$ latitude by 10$^{\circ}$ longitude grid, we generated the priority map for each month. The priority maps of three factors for each month were subsequently superimposed to visualize the impact of three factors in all. The initial results illustrated that a large part of oceans in the summer hemisphere was classified into the low priority regions because of seasonal changes of clouds and sun illumination. Sensitivity tests for different sets of classifications were performed and demonstrated the seasonal effects of clouds and sun glint to be robust.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1999

The use of climatic information is essential in the industial society. More specialized weather servies are required to perform better industrial acivities including agriculture. Especially, crop models require daily weather data of crop growing area or cropping zones, where routine weather observations are rare. Estimates of the spatial distribution of daily climates might complement the low density of standard weather observation stations. This study was conducted to estimate the spatial distribution of daily minimum and maximum temperatures in Korean Peninsula. A topoclimatological technique was first applied to produce reasonable estimates of monthly climatic normals based on 1km $\times$ 1km grid cell over study area. Harmonic analysis method was then adopted to convert the monthly climatic normals into daily climatic normals. The daily temperatures for each grid cell were derived from a spatial interpolation procedure based on inverse-distance weighting of the observed deviation from the climatic normals at the nearest 4 standard weather stations. Data collected from more than 300 automatic weather systems were then used to validate the final estimates on several dates in 1997. Final step to confirm accuracy of the estimated temperature fields was comparing the distribution pattern with the brightness temperature fields derived from NOAA/AVHRR. Results show that differences between the estimated and the observed temperatures at 20 randomly selected automatic weather systems(AWS) range from -3.$0^{\circ}C$ to + 2.5$^{\circ}C$ in daily maximum, and from -1.8$^{\circ}C$ to + 2.2$^{\circ}C$ in daily minimum temperature. The estimation errors, RMSE, calculated from the data collected at about 300 AWS range from $1.5^{\circ}C$ to 2.5$^{\circ}C$ for daily maximum/minimum temperatures.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.397-406
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop the evaluation scale according to the major selection attribute of culinary major students. For the scale development, 69 items were extracted through theoretical review. After that, a survey was conducted on 73 students who are currently studying culinary majors, and two culinary majors and three culinary major professors conducted in-depth analysis and refining. The questionnaire was conducted from March 18 to March 27, 2019, and the second expert group survey was conducted from August 19 to August 31, 2019 based on Kendall's W-validated mean and standard deviation. The results of this study are as follows. First, 46 properties were derived from the first expert group survey. Second, six factors and 32 attributes were derived through consultation with the second and third expert groups. Thirdly, through the verification of Kendall's W attributes of 32 six factors, verification of consensus on the importance of experts was made, and the final four factors (individual factors, occupational factors, major characteristics factors, and university-related factors) were derived. It was. The results of this study suggest that the final composition of the culinary major selection attribute is expected to contribute enough to increase student satisfaction, school loyalty, and enrollment rate of students through the measurement scale to grasp the competitiveness of the culinary major.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.133-139
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• 2019

This study investigated the effect of gender stereotypes, majors subject satisfaction, and self-leadership in male nursing students. Data was collected from October 1, 2018 to December 10, 2018, enrolling male nursing university students attending four nursing departments located at G-province. Data were analyzed by frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, correlation analysis, and ANOVA, by applying the SPSS 22.0 program. Results of this study reveal the average gender stereotype of male nursing students to be $1.31{\pm}0.17$, average of major subject satisfaction $2.95{\pm}0.51$, and self-leadership $2.98{\pm}0.43$. Analyzing the characteristics of variables according to general characteristics revealed that major satisfaction scores are higher for students who think positively about school and major, have higher grades, and choose their major after considering their aptitude. Self-leadership was higher with age and school year, and among students who selected their major after considering future employment opportunities. This study aims to provide basic data for male nursing university students to help them to adapt well in the field of nursing.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.346-355
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• 2019

When evaluating pillar stability in very closely spaced tunnels, a local safety factor (strength/stress ratio) at the minimum width has been widely used. Tension bolts have been frequently applied as reinforcement for the cases where safety factors are less than 1.0 from FEM stress analysis. However, the local safety factor shows a constant value irrespective of the change in pillar width/tunnel diameter (PW/D) and the safety factor of the pillar is underestimated because the variation of deviation stress is relatively small even when the pre-stressing is applied to the tension bolt. In addition, the average safety factor proposed by Hoek and Brown(1980) was reviewed, but the pillar safety factor was relatively overestimated when the width of the pillar was increased. As an alternative, the SRM safety factor using shear strength reduction method shows the effect of changing the safety factor in the case of no reinforcement and tension bolt reinforcement as the pillar width/tunnel diameter(PW/D) changes. The failure shape is also similar to the previous limit theory result. In this study, the safety factor was evaluated without considering rock bolt and shotcrete to distinguish reinforcing effect of tension bolt.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.511-517
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• 2019

Purpose: On the basis of evidence, we aimed to reevaluate the necessity of the empirical proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trial for children with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Methods: We analyzed the frequency of GERD in 85 school-age children with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms, who received 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring and/or upper endoscopy. According to the reflux index (RI), the children were classified into normal (RI <5%), intermediate (5%${\leq}$ RI <10%), or abnormal (RI ${\geq}$10%) groups. Results: Fifty six were female and 29 were male. Their mean age was $12.6{\pm}0.5$ (${\pm}$standard deviation) years (range: 6.8-18.6). The RI analysis showed that the normal group included 76 patients (89.4%), the intermediate group included 6 patients (7.1%), and the abnormal group included 3 patients (3.5%). The DeMeester score was $5.93{\pm}4.65$, $14.68{\pm}7.86$ and $40.37{\pm}12.96$ for the normal, intermediate and abnormal group, respectively (p=0.001). The longest reflux time was $5.56{\pm}6.00$ minutes, $9.53{\pm}7.84$ minutes, and $19.46{\pm}8.35$ minutes in the normal, intermediate, and abnormal group, respectively (p=0.031). Endoscopic findings showed reflux esophagitis in 7 patients. On the basis of the Los Angeles Classification of Esophagitis, 5 of these patients were included in group A, 1 patient, in group B and 1 patient, in group C. Conclusion: The incidence of GERD was very low in school-age children with GER symptoms. Therefore, injudicious diagnostic PPI trials would be postponed until the actual prevalence of GERD is verified in future prospective studies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.420-424
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• 2019

An HPLC analysis method was developed and standardized for the detection of dieckol as a functional food ingredient in Ecklonia cava extracts. HPLC was performed using a Capcell Pak C18 column ($250{\times}4.6mm$, $5{\mu}m$) with a gradient elution of water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at $25^{\circ}C$. The eluate was detected at 230 nm. For validation, the specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of dieckol were measured. The calibration curve for the detection of dieckol had high linearity ($R^2=0.9994$), with LOD and LOQ values of 0.38 and $1.16{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Recovery of the quantified compound ranged from 99.61 to 100.71%. The relative standard deviation values of the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 1.7 and 1.25%, respectively. These results indicate that the reported HPLC method is simple, reliable, and reproducible for the detection of dieckol in Ecklonia cava extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2017

The primary suspension system of a railway vehicle restrains the wheelset and the bogie, which greatly affects the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle depending on the stiffness in each direction. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics, different stiffness in each direction is required. However, designing different stiffness in each direction is difficult in the case of a general suspension device. To address this, in this paper, an optimization technique is applied to design different stiffness in each direction by using a conical rubber spring. The optimization is performed by using target and analysis RMS values. Lastly, the final model is proposed by complementing the shape of the weak part of the model. An actual model is developed and the reliability of the optimization model is proved on the basis of a deviation average of about 7.7% compared to the target stiffness through a static load test. In addition, the stiffness value is applied to a multibody dynamics model to analyze the stability and curve performance. The critical speed of the improved model was 190km/h, which was faster than the maximum speed of 110km/h. In addition, the steering performance is improved by 34% compared with the conventional model.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.100-111
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• 2019

This study was undertaken to recommend a dementia education program for college students, and to understand the outcome on knowledge and attitude towards dementia, awareness of aged support, and cognitive-affective empathy. Totally, 40 college students in C city, K do, were enrolled for the study, and divided into two groups of 20 each: experimental group and control group. The experimental group subjects were provided a 12-hour dementia education program; effectiveness of this program has been verified in later studies. Data were collected from November 5, 2018 to December 7, 2018; collection was before, after, and 4 weeks after the program was provided to the experimental group. Control group data were also collected in the same time frame. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS WIN/21.0, and the percentage, mean and standard deviation were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilks test, $x^2$-test, Fisher's exact probability test, Independent t-test, Friedman test, Mann-Whitney U and Repeated Measure ANOVA. Knowledge of dementia (F=19.80, p<0.001), attitude toward dementia (z=-4.10, p<0.001), and awareness of aged support (F=6.26, p=0.017) had a significant interaction between group and time; however, cognitive-affective empathy showed no correlation (F=1.32, p<0.256). We therefore suggest strengthening the contents of future education program for dementia, developing a customized program for cognitive-affective empathy by considering subject characteristics, and further research verifying the effectiveness of the program.