• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-176
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• 1998

In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U.S. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants. Methods : A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preform infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or other genetic anomalies, major congenital infections, or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation)of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas : the demograghic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics. Results : 1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of dischage from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurses for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specific aids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical envronment and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. There were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feed ing was 31/sup +5/ weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need. Conclusion : It, thus, appears that to minimize the sensorymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preform infant as the infants grow older in NICU.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.417-422
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• 2016

Aids to Navigation (AtoN) are marine traffic facilities to improve the safety and efficiency of shipping. "New Dangers" should be appropriately marked using lateral, cardinal or isolated danger marks or by using an Emergency Wreck Marking Buoy. However, Emergency Wreck Marking Buoys are difficult to implement in terms of speed and accuracy of installation. In the case of sinking accidents, it is often difficult to immediately install an Emergency Wreck Marking Buoy because of weather conditions, the marine environment or accident positioning. This study concerns Auto-Releasing Emergency Wreck Marking Buoys, which should be installed in all vessel for safe marine navigation and efficient maritime transport with reference to the Maritime Buoyage System (MBS). Auto-Releasing Emergency Wreck Marking Buoys include an auto-release unit, auto reel chain and auto lighting lantern. These buoys can be automatically released from the deck of a vessel and will float in the water for quick installation at the scene of an accident, even in the case of sinking accidents. Auto-Releasing New Mark Buoys are expected to reduce to installation process, prevent secondary accidents by the risk of navigation and be search and rescue rapidly.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.8
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• pp.5-43
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• 2005

This study aimed to suggest a resolution through a research on actual condition of appreciation class among art classes in elementary school. For this object, this study is about the need and problem of appreciation through concert of art appreciation and educational meaning. And this study is research, based on 200 current teachers to teach the art education of appreciation in Seoul. In the case of student research, this study show the current appreciation education focusing on 200 students in Seoul. The teachers has been seeing the importance of the appreciation education, but that education has been performing in the poor environment without aids and appreciation materials. And they thought that the most effective way to teach the appreciation of art is the on-site education such as the invitation of art-gallery or museum. The Change of realization about art, together with improvement of realistic situation, is important. But more important problem is the role and the realization of teacher who teach art directly. If the teacher's viewpoint to teach directly education of appreciation is examined, there are following problems First, it lacks realization about the importance of appreciation education. Teachers who teach a student have been taken functional art education mainly and this trend has been spread in the whole of society, therefore, the importance about the teaching of appreciation is negligent and is handled indifferently. Also, Teachers do not offer opportunity to obtain professional information of art appreciation map to overemphasize the study of practical teaching research. Second, elementary schools teacher is, for the most part, occasion that homeroom teacher teaches all object classes, and complete charge teacher is selected only some. Therefore, teacher in charge who play most a lot of subjects is difficult to recognize the importance of art teaching appreciation subject or class. There must have been a research about the educational preventive measures as suitable support, reorganization of at time and experts in superior office educational institution. Trough this study, I could know that front-line teacher should be specialized and more complete charge teacher should be needed urgently. Finally, the teachers must break the custom of the art appreciation and develop various art appreciation method. And the teachers have to lead the students to be interested art appreciation. That's what cultivate the students' aesthetic feeling and genius.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.127-146
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the seven-hour sexuality education program for senior high school girl students and apply it to them to find out how this program affects their sex-related knowledge, sexual attitudes, and the self-efficacy of sexual behavior practice. The ultimate goal of this study is that high school girl students are to prevent unwanted pregnancy, STD and AIDS, after attending this sexuality education program. A non-equivalent control group pretest-post test design was used for this study. The number of experimental group consisted of 80 girl students and the control group was composed of 80 girls, too. A total of 160 freshmen from two commercial girls' high schools were selected by a convenience sampling method. This study was carried out in commercial high schools located in Daejeon, Korea from July 15th to October 31st, 2002. To discover the need for sexuality education, the researcher surveyed with a pre-designed questionnaire to 160 girls from the two different commercial high schools. The sex education curriculum was developed on the basis of the need of high school girl students for sex education survey results and literature review and a teaching-learning planning model and health belief model. The experimental group was taught the sexuality education program for seven hours from October 19th to 23rd, 2002 and each period continued for 50 minutes. The SPSS(10.0) Windows statistics software was used to analyze the data, along with frequency, percentage, $X^2$-test, t-test, and paired t-test. The instruments' internal consistencies were tested by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The increment of sex-related knowledge score after seven hour sexuality education was significantly higher in experimental group (t=-10.88, p=.000). 2. The increment of sex-related attitude score after seven hour sexuality education was significantly higher in experimental group (t=-2.67, p=.009). 3. The increment of the practice of self-efficacy of sexual behavior score after seven hour sexuality education was significantly higher in experimental group(t=-4.95, p=.000). In conclusion, sexuality education programs based on high girl students' educational desire, characteristics of development, a teaching learning planning model, a health belief model were effective to improve sex-related knowledge, sexual attitudes and the self-efficacy of sexual behavior practice of commercial high school girl students. This result can contribute to expand the school nurse's role in the sex education area and to develop theory-based school health nursing.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.335-349
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• 2004

Recently, there is change the environment of education due to development of Science Technology Specially, As education information on web increased by internet, using education web data by mean of medium that aids learning by computer. Also It studied method that used the Computer as learning medium through the CAI(Computer Assisted Instruction), ICAI(Intelligent CAI), and ITS(Intelligent Tutoring System). But legacy system are not support efficient method that learns to vary learner suitable learning method by individual level. Specially It is not suitable the education course to direct current course of education, and not consider different of student capability, aptitude, need, interesting, not maximized the individual growable power and effect of education. To solve the this problem, our paper suggest the web-based self-directed MITS(Multimedia ITS) that supply the needed the information on web, make the environment that can self-directed learning. To maximized effect of individual learning, our paper structured coursed, characterized, related learning contents in region of numeral at mathematics of primary school. And then integrated contents and class, design and implement the web-based MITS that consist of 4 module to escape from limitation of learner grade, learning time, learning place.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.441-456
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• 1995

This study was done to determine direct and in-direct nursing time in nursing units in hospital to ap-plied computer system and expect that those results contribute to measure efficiency of nursing practice and planning of nursing manpower. The design for study was a descriptive study. The study results are as follows. 1. Patients admitted to the Internal Medicine and General Surgery units were grouped into four. Group Ⅰ, 32.9% of the total patients, consisted patients whose condition was considered minor Group Ⅱ, 26.1%, was of those whose condition was considered moderate, Group Ⅲ, 41. 8%, moderate severe and Group Ⅳ, 29.2% the most severe. 2. Nursing intervention times by care type were as follows four minutes spent for suction eight minutes, for simple position change, ten minutes, for sheet change, seven minutes for a hot or cool compress, six minutes for dressing change, four minutes for Ⅰ.M. injection, six minutes for patient health education and five minutes for body temperature check. 3. Direct care time by patient group revealed the following : Group Ⅰ rquired 191.4 minutes, Group Ⅱ required 331.1 minutes, Group Ⅲ rquired 499.4 minutes, and Group Ⅳ rquired 1328.0 minutes. 4. The ratio of time for adequate nursing care and direct care time in the Internal Medicine and Goneral Surgery units was 67.4%-83.4% and 94.7%-99.3% in the Intensie Care Unit. 5. Average daily direct care time per patient was 5.5 hours in the Internal Medicine unit and 11.5 hours in the Intensive Care Unit. 6. Time spent in indirect care was 48.3 minutes for computer recording,34.8 minutes for giving and receiving patient information for shift duty, 28.0 minutes for eating and resting time, 26.6 minutes for transfering and identifying patients, 25.6 minutes for identifying Doctor's order, 23.9 minutes for recording vital signs. 7. Time spent in indirect care was 282.2 minutes by head nurses (charge nurses), 258.7 minutes by nurses and 261.6 minutes by nurse aids. 8. The average nurse's workload was 9.3 hours and daily indirect nursing time required 46.3%-50. 5% of above mentioned workload time. .9. The average daily indirect care time per patient was expected to be 57.7 minutes in the Internal Medicine unit and 3.3 hours in the Intensive Care Unit.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.11S
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• pp.3633-3650
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• 2000

Internet is no longer a network for special communities but became a global means of communication infrastructure for everyday life. People are exchanging their personal messages using e-mails, students are getting their educational aids through the web, people are buying a variety of goods from cyber shopping malls, and companies are conducting their businesses over the Internet. Recently, such an explosive growth of the traffic in the Internet raised a big concern on how to accommodate ever-changing user's needs in terms of an amount of the traffic, characteristics of the traffic, and various service quality requirements, Over provisioning can be a simple solution but it is too expensive and inefficient. Thus many new technologies to solve this very difficult puzzle have bcen introduced recently, Any single solution, however, can be insufficient and a carefully designed architecture, which integrates a group of solutions, is required. In this paper, we propose a policy-based Internet QoS provisioning, traffic engineering and perfonnance management system as our solution to this problem. Our integrated management QoS solution can provide highly responsive flow-through service provisioning, more realistic service and resource policy control based on the real network performance information, and centralized control of traffic engineering for heterogeneous networks.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.337-348
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• 2023

The central objective of this study is to curtail the leakage of mortar or cement paste, often resultant of ill-constructed formwork, by implementing thixotropy in the formulation of high-fluidity, standard-strength concrete. When such concrete is utilized in smaller scale construction projects, instances of formwork gaps due to suboptimal construction precision may lead to significant leakage of mortar and paste, a problem not typically encountered with traditional slump-flow concrete. In this investigation, Polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA) and borax are incorporated into the concrete mixture to induce thixotropy. The experimental design includes varying methodologies for integrating PVA and borax, while assessing alterations in diverse concrete performances, including thixotropy and leakage reduction potential that simulates formwork gap conditions. Under the experimental conditions defined within this study, it was found that replacing, rather than merely adding PVA and borax, aids in averting water addition via suspensions. This approach yielded promising results in terms of concrete properties and proved efficacious in stemming leakage in concrete possessing sufficient thixotropy. Notably, when a 6% PVA suspension was substituted, a significant reduction in leakage was observed. Consequently, it is projected that construction quality can be ensured, even with lower precision formwork, by applying thixotropy to concrete through the use of PVA and borax.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.903-920
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• 2019

This study was aimed to prepare the evidences for establishing policies on nursing manpower by identifying the relationship among delegation level of nursing activities, nursing professionalism and turnover intention in long-term care hospital nurses. The study was a descriptive survey research that used a structured questionnaire. 146 nurses agreed to take part in the research. They worked in six long-term care hospitals located in A and B province. Data were collected from July to August 2016 and analyzed through SPSS 20.0 program, using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and pearson's correlation coefficients. As a results, first, as for the delegation of nursing activities by long-term care hospital nurses, the levels of delegation of direct nursing activities were 34.63±14.12, and the level of delegation of indirect nursing activities were 1.71±1.75. Second, the mean score of nursing professionalism and the turnover intention of long-term care hospital nurses were 3.62±0.77 and 2.71±0.97, respectively. Third, the delegation of direct nursing activities by long-term care hospital nurses significantly differed depending on the number of nurses in the ward and the number of caregivers in the ward. The delegation of indirect nursing activities significantly differed depending on the number of nurses in the ward, the presence of conflicts and stress related to delegation. Forth, there was no significant correlation of the delegation of nursing activities by long-term care hospital nurses with nursing professionalism and with turnover intention. Most of nursing activities, were delegated to nurse aids, since there were no clear guidelines or legal procedures on nursing activities in long-term care hospital nurses. Therefore it is required to find how to clearly establish positive nursing professionalism and to develop a proper nursing manpower arrangement and the guidelines for the delegation of nursing activities in a long-term care hospital in terms of policy.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.137-145
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• 2024

Recently, there has been an increase in the use of Automatic Identification Systems. Class A AIS is used for ships engaged in international voyages, while Class B AIS is utilized for smaller vessels navigating domestic coastlines. AtoN AIS is used for aids to navigation, AIS is employed for search and rescue aircraft, and AIS-SART is widely used worldwide. Accordingly, in 2022, the Maritime Safety Committee(MSC) of the International Maritime Organization(IMO) revised the performance standards for the satellite emergency positioning radio beacon(EP IRB) to include AIS signals along with 121.5 MHz for aircraft, which has been used as a homing signal. It was recommended to use together as a homing signal, and from July 1, 2022, it was decided that AIS-EP IRB that satisfies the revised performance standards will replace the existing EP IRB. Consequently, starting from July 1, 2022, it was decided that AIS-EPIRB, which meets the revised performance standards, will replace the existing EP IRB. This paper aims to verify the feasibility of implementing AIS-EPIRB, which has not yet been developed domestically. To achieve this, a dedicated chipset for AIS was used to additionally implement frequency generation of 161.975 MHz and 162.025 MHz and GMSK modulation to satisfy the requirements.