• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.601-614
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the present conditions and problems of oral health care in senior citizens with dementia using a qualitative research method, through focused group interviews. Methods: Data was collected for approximately one month from May 2019. The subjects were divided into two groups: care workers and family caregivers. Fifteen participants were included in the study. Results: In-depth interviews with the care workers revealed the following three categories: characteristics of senile dementia patients, oral health care in senile dementia patients, and oral health care education. In-depth interviews with the family caregivers revealed the following four categories: characteristics of senile dementia patients, oral health care in senile dementia patients, oral health care education, and burden of care. The central themes common to both the care workers and family caregivers were the challenges owing to the characteristics of senile dementia patients, poor health condition of the senile dementia patients, difficulty in oral health care of the senile dementia patients, the desire to receive oral health care education and related information, and to access the information more easily. Additional central themes specific to the care workers were, the applicability of the intervention programs, variability between the facilities, and the problems of oral health care education. An additional central theme specific to the family caregivers was the burden of care. Conclusions: It is necessary to provide oral health care education and information to care workers and family caregivers of senile dementia patients, and to manage and support the dental health professionals ready to care for senile dementia patients. In addition, support to the family caregivers should not be limited only to the financial aspects, but also consider the psychological and emotional difficulties.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.125-135
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• 2022

In this study, using KLoSA data, it was verified whether subjective expectations and depression had a multi-mediated effect on life satisfaction of the elderly with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. As a result of the analysis, first, it was analyzed that the higher the IADL of the elderly with dementia and mild cognitive impairment, the lower the subjective expectation, the higher the depression, and the lower the life satisfaction. Second, it was analyzed that as the subjective expectations of the elderly with dementia and mild cognitive impairment increased, depression decreased and life satisfaction increased. Third, it was analyzed that IADL in the elderly with dementia and mild cognitive impairment not only directly affects life satisfaction, but also indirectly affects life satisfaction through subjective expectations and depression, so it has a multi-mediated effect. Therefore, it is necessary to expand subjective expectations by expanding service providers that can support daily life restrictions for the elderly with dementia and mild cognitive impairment, providing regular programs by experts to reduce depression, and establishing new national pension benefits for dependents.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.23-39
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• 1989

There have been a lot of considerable. discussion and debate surrounding the management model in the health insurance management system and opinions regarding the management operating cost. It is a well known fact that there have always been dissenting opinions and debates surrounding the issue. The management operating cost varies according to the scale of the management organization and component members characteristics of the insurance carrier. Therefore, it is necessary to examine and compare the management operating cost to the simulated management models developed to cover those eligible for the health insurance scheme in this country. Since the management operating cost can vary according to the different models of management, four alternative management models have been established based on the critical evaluation of existing theories concerned, as well as on the basis of the survey results and simulation attempts. The first alternative model is the Unique Insurance Carrier Model(Ⅰ) ; desigened to cover all of the people with no classification of insurance qualifications and finances from the source of contribution of the insured, nationwide. The second is the Management Model of Large-scale District Insurance Carrier(Ⅱ) ; this means the Korean society would be divided into 21 large districts; each having its own insurance carrier that would cover the people in that particular district with no classification of insurance qualifications arid finances as in Model I. The third is the Management Model of Insurance Carrier Divided by Area and Classified with Occupation if Largescale (Ⅲ) ; to serve the self-employed in the 21 districts divided as in Model Ⅱ. It would serve the employees and their dependents by separate insurance carriers in large-scale similar to the area of the district-scale for the self-employed, so that the insurance qualifications and finances would be classified with each of the insurance carriers: The last is the Management Model of the Multi - insurance Carrier (Ⅳ) based on the Si. Gun. Gu area which will cover their own self- employed people in the area with more than 150 additional insurance carriers covering the employees and their dependents. The manpower necessary to provide services to all of the people according to the four models is calculated through simulation trials. It indicates that the Management Model of Large-scale District Insurance Carrier requires the most manpower among the four alternative models. The unit management operating costs per the insured individuals and covered persons are leveled with several intervals based on the insurance recipients. in their characteristics. The interval levels derived from the regression analysis reveal that the larger the scale of the insurance carriers is in the number of those insured and covered. the more the unit management operating cost decreases. significantly. Moreover. the result of the quadratic functional formula also shows the U-shape significantly. The management operating costs derived from the simulated calculation. on the basis of the average salary and related cost per staff- member of the Health Insurance Societies for Occupational Labours and Korean Medical Insurance Corporation for the Official Servants and Private School Teachers in 1987 fiscal year. show that the Model of Multi-insurance Carrier warrants the highest management operating cost. Meanwhile the least expensive management operating cost is the Management Model of Unique Insurance Carrier. Insurance Carrier Divided by Area and Classified with Occupation in Large-scale. and Large-scale District Insurance Carrier. in order. Therefore. it is feasible to select the Unique Insurance Carrier Model among the four alternatives from the viewpoint of the management operating cost and in the sense of the flexibility in promoting the productivity of manpower in the human services field. However. the choice of the management model for health insurance systems and its application should be examined further utilizing the operation research analysis for such areas as the administrative efficiency and factors related to computer cost etc.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-49
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• 2011

In this study, multilateral conceptualizations of underemployment were measured in terms of wages, social status, skill utilization and permanence of the job, and then the effects of antecedents on underemployment and the effects of underemployment on organizational adaptation were examined. Data obtained by a longitudinally designed survey at intervals of 18 months with the reemployed(N = 153) after job loss were used. The underemployment measures include 1) the ratio of wage change 2) the ratio of status change 3) the ratio of education 4) the occurrence of change from the permanent job to temporary job, 5) overqualification - growth opportunity, 6) overqualification - mismatch. The first four measures are social-economic and objective measures and the last two measures are psychological and self-reported ones. Demographic variables(sex, age, education level, and period of unemployed), circumstantial variables(economic hardship, number of dependents), and psychological variables(job-seeking self-efficacy, depression/anxiety, latent function) are included in antecedents. In the effects of antecedents on underemployment, age increases the level of underemployment in the aspects of wage and job status. Economic hardship increases the possibility of underemployment in the aspects of education and number of dependents increases the possibility of underemployment in the aspects of job status. Job seeking self-efficacy decreases the possibility of underemployment in the overqualification - no growth. Retention of latent function during the period of unemployment lowers the possibility of underemployment in the overqualification - no growth. The level of depression and anxiety during the period of unemployment raises the possibility of underemployment in terms of education and in the overqualification - mismatch. In the effects of underemployment on organizational adaptation, the higher the level of underemployment in the aspect of education is, the lower the level of person-organization fit, emotional commitment, and job satisfaction are. And the transition from permanent job to temporary job makes emotional commitment and job satisfaction lower. No growth and mismatch exerted a significant influence on organizational adaptation generally.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.643-661
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• 2015

Korea Teachers Pension (private school pension) is a mandatory pension and a social security system for private school teachers to ensure the stability of subscribers by a supplying pension when they (and their dependents) face future economic risk due to retirement or death. Therefore, the Teachers Pension must provide stability and sustainability in regards to adequacy of income and to function as a pension. However, the Government Employees Pension System (GEPS) of Korea (the most representative special occupation pension) recorded a fiscal deficit in 2001 and with an accumulated deficit that is expected to grow; subsequently, various plans for the reform of GEPS have been actively discussed. The Korea Teachers Pension system is based on the GEPS scheme and is not free from the GEPS discussions on reforms of national pension. The current system for the Teachers Pension needs to be improved because it is expected to be depleted within the next 30 years due to low fertility and an aging population in Korea. This study discusses existing Teachers Pension schemes problems and suggests a projection method and revised plans to improve it. We use long-term financial projections of the Teachers Pension to estimate the fund exhaustion point and the minus balance of the financial scale as well as analyze the supply-demand burden structure that reflects the future population structure to propose Teachers Pension reforms that will improve stability and adequacy.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.663-683
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• 2015

The change of the population pyramid due to low fertility and rapid aging threatens the financial sustainability of National Health Insurance. We construct statistical models for prevalence rates and medical expenses using National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) sample cohort data from 2002-2013. We then project yearly expenditures and income of national health insurance until 2060 that considers various assumptions in regards to future population structure and economic conditions. We adopt a VECM-LC model for prevalence rates and the double exponentially smoothing method for the per capita co-payment of healthcare expense (in which the two models are institution-disease-sex-age specific) to project of national health insurance expenditures. We accommodate various assumptions of economic situations provided by the national assembly and government to produce a financial projection for national health insurance. Two assumptions of dependents ratios are used for the projection of national health insurance income to conduct two future population structures by the two assumptions of aging progresses and various assumptions on economic circumstances as in the expenditure projection. The health care deficit is projected to be 20-30 trillion won by 2030 and 40-70 trillion won by 2060 in 2015 constant price.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.163-173
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• 1974

A study on the health care of Ewha Womans University staff, faculty and families was conducted during the period from March 1973 to August 1974 using designed questionaire. A total of 196 persons who were randomly sampled as 27.3% of the total staff and faculty 789 were studied. The response rates were 96.0%. The results and findings obtained from the study are summerized as follow. 1. The sex ratio of the members the faculty and the staff shows 83.2% and the singles are 37.2% of the total. Their mean family size being 4.6 persons per capita, each family has mean number of 2.3 childeren. 2. The median monthly income of a member of faculty amounts \114,000 and that of a staff \43,077. It amounts \79,333 when the median monthly income of both the members of the faculty and the staff are taken. Consequently, it amounts \91,727\ per family (Assumed mean). 3. 71.4% of the total hold the house of their own. A spouses of 59.4% of them are working for the additional income of the family. 4. Their health condition is rated fair, i. e. 92.3% of them enjoy good health. Out of total members faculty and the staff, 20.6% are cared by family physician. 36.2% of them feel that they are burdened by heavy medical expense. 5. 76.7% of them have affirmatively responded that they would purchase medical insurance policy when they were offered. It reaches 84.0% of the total who consider buying the policy for their dependents. 74.0% of them desire to purchase the policy for their spouse's parents. 6. The monthly prevalence rate reaches 17.0% and the hospital admission rate 4.7%.12.3% of them affirmatively responded that they had chronic diseas. The number of sick call per capita counts 0.2 per month and the hospital admission rate 0.05. 7. To examine the nature of their disease, the respiratory disease is rated to be the top and the gastro-intestinal disease comes to the next. As far as chronic disease is concerned, the gastro-intestinal disease is predominent. 8. As to their treatment, 65.4% of them get the physician's treatment and 17.0% treatment of drug purchasing and 7.7% prefer Chinesedrug. 6.6% of them gets no medical treatment at all. 9. The treatment ratio, including drug purchasing and other means, reaches 93.4%. 60.7% of them affirmatively responded that they did not or could not get physician's treatment at least once even though they thought they had to. It is disclosed that 25.4% of them are caused by economical reason. 10. Average medical expense per case amounts \7,116 and monthly medical expense per capita \1,345. Consequently, average monthly medical expense per family amounts \6,185. 11. The medical expense of a family is rated 7.7% of total earnings of the same period.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.842-849
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Agarum cribrosum as a natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of the general and antioxidant activities of Agarum cribrosum were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were 45.4%, 15.0%, 2.3% and 33.1%. The calories of Agarum cribrosum were 262.3 kcal and total dietary fiber of Agarum cribrosum was 34.0%. The protein contained a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The content of amino acids was 12,402.42 mg/100 g. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, Na and Mg, implying that Agarum cribrosum is an alkali material. The antioxidant activity of Agarum cribrosum was assessed by various radical scavenging assays using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), reducing power, and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)). All antioxidant activity of Agarum cribrosum extract increased the concentration of the dependents. Total phenolic contents of Agarum cribrosum extract were $34.1{\pm}2.56mg/g$, and total flavonoids contents were estimated at $4.9{\pm}0.26mg/g$. General nutrients and other antioxidant bioactive materials in Agarum cribrosum were also potential materials for good health food. It is expected that a follow-up study of Agarum cribrosum through developing processed food and evaluation of their functional properties would provide useful information or sources of functional foods.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.116-135
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• 1991

Few studies have been conducted on the detailed routes of medical care utilization under the National Health Insurance. This study was undertaken to identify the utilization patte군 of health care facilities among industrial workers and their dependents. One of the largest health insurance association was purposively chosen for this objective. The association had 345, 757 members as of 31 December, 1990. The study sample of 297, 948 subjects have been drawn from the membership pool on the basis of their continuous membership status during 1 January through 31 December 1990. This study has tried to identify differential utilization patterns between acute and chronic conditions, and among standard income classes. All the diagnoses were recoded in a manner to achieve the objective of this study. As for acute diseases, most age group had used one medical facility as much as by 60% except the age group of 1-4, This young age group had used over three different health facilities as much as by 10.9-15.8%. The finding suggests that some policy measures by sought for remedying the excessive/inappropriate use of services. In addition, mid-income classes(between 17 and 48) were more likely to use multiple sources of care than lower income classes(between 1 and 16) and upper income classes(above 49). This study has revealed that chronic cases are more likely to pursue multiple sources of care, however those with chronic conditions tend to use single health facility more than those with acute conditions(67.9% versus 52.4%). As many as 12.2% have visited more than three health facilities in chronic conditions, but 5.9% for acute conditions. The most likely source of care was primary clinics for both acute and chronic conditions. Compared with the role of general hospital, small-size hospitals found to play a minimal role in the care and referral of patients. This indicates the need of strengthening the function of small-size hospitals. While a minor cross utilization of western medicine and pharmacy was noted, no significant boundary crossing was identified between western medicine and oriental medicine, or between pharmacy and oriental medicine. It is too early to confirm that whether there is substitutability or cross utilization among these alternative sources of care. A further study is needed to identify these relationship.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.467-479
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to check effects on the awareness of parents supporting in their self retirement preparation of the baby boomer generations who have faced relatively bad situation in this era considering the reality of great changes brought in the parents supporting spirit which was regarded as family and individual responsibility due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization. In the result of this study, some points such as religious, living status and monthly average earning show meaningful result and also all of the colligation in the retirement preparation standard concerning economic living life, health life, leisure time, family life, dwelling life and leisure life shows most significance probability of .001(*p<0.05) and retirement preparation standard relative to economic life indicates significance probability of .005(*p<0.05). Eventually this result shows that the higher people have retirement standard, the higher parents supporting sprit they have. So I would like to suggest some policy advices on the basis of this study. First stable supporting policy on their dwelling life should be assisted by differential methods, secondly social programs aid for leisure life through social activities like volunteer work are required, further more national based policy supports for youngsters are considered in order to reduce economic daily life on their economic activities.