• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.577-577
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• 2001

The lastest concepts in bonding are "total etch", in which both enamel and dentin are etched with an acid to remove the smear layers, and "wet dentin" in which the dentin is not blown dry but left moist before application of the bonding primer. Ideally, the application of a bonding agent to tooth structure should be insensitive to minor contamination from oral fluids. Clinically contaminations such as saliva, gingival fluid, blood and handpiece lubricant are often encountered by dentists during preparation of a restoration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of contamination by hem-ostatic agents on shear bond strength of compomer restorations. One hundred and ten extracted human maxillary and mandibular molar teeth were collected. The teeth were cleaned from soft tissue remnant and debris and stored in physiologic solution until they were used. Small flat area on dentin of the buccal surface were wet ground serially with 400, 800 and 1200 abrasive paper on automatic polishing machine. The teeth were randomly divided into 11 groups. Each group was conditioned as follows: Group 1 : Dentin surface was not etched and not contaminated by hemostatic agents. Group2 : Dentin surface was not etched but was contaminated by Astringedent (Ultradent product Inc., Utah, U.S.A.). Group3 : Dentin surface was not etched but was contaminated by Bosmin (Jeil Phann, Korea.). Group4 : Dentin surface was not etched but was contaminated by Epri-dent (Epr Industries, NJ, U.S.A.). Group5: Dentin surface was etched and not contaminated by hemostatic agents. Group 6 : Dentin surface was etched and contaminated by Astringedent. Group7 : Dentin surface was etched and contaminated by Bosmin. Group8 : Dentin surface was etched and contaminated by Epri-dent. Group9 : Dentin surface was contaminated by Astringedent. The contaminated surface was rinsed by water and dried by compressed air. Group10 : Dentin surface was contaminated by Bosmin. The contaminated surface was rinsed by water aud dried by compresfed air. Group 11 : Dentin surface was contaminated by Epri-dent. The contaminated surface was rinsed by water and dried by compresfed air. After surface conditioning, F2000 was applicated on the conditoned dentin surface. The teeth were thermocycled in distilled water at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$ for 1000 cycles. The samples were placed on the binder with the bonded compomer-dentin interface parallel to the lmife-edge shearing rod of the Universal testing machine(Zwick 020, Germany) running at a cross head speed of 1.0mmimin. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between groups 1 and group 3 and 4, but group 2 showed significant decrease in shear bond strength compared with group 1. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between group 5 and group 7 and 8, but group 6 showed significant decrease in shear bond strength compared with group 5. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between group 5 and group 9, 10 and 11.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.228-243
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• 1997

The changes of microstructures, morphology of sclerotic dentin and bonding aspects generated by an adhesive resin was investigated. Incisors and premolars showing natural cervical abrasions were collected and conditioned with 10 % phosphoric acid or 10 % maleic acid. The sclerotic dentin specimens were then rinsed and blot-dried and applied with dentin adhesive (All Bond 2) to the conditioned dentin surface. To examine the morphologic change of the sclerotic dentin specimen after etching and bonding procedure, the treated specimens were examined by SEM. To analyze the chemical composition of sclerotic dentin and crystals occluding dentinal tubules, the sclerotic dentin specimen was powdered and examined with X-ray Diffractometer. To investigate the Ca/P weight percent ratio within the dentinal tubules, the sclerotic dentin specimen was fractured perpendicularly to the long axis of the tooth from the center of cervical abrasion lesion and then examined with EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray) microanalyzer. The results were as follows : 1. The increased width of peritubular dentin and the depositions of the irregular amorphous materials within the dentinal tubules were showed in the sclerotic dentin specimens. 2. After the treatment of sclerotic dentin specimen with 10 % phosphoric acid or 10 % maleic acid, the lateral side of tubules rather than cross-sectional tubule openings was showed exclusively at the incisal and gingival incline of the specimens. 3. After the treatment of sclerotic dentin specimen with 10 % phosphoric acid or 10 % maleic acid, the hybrid layer was not formed evidently and the resin tag was not formed or shortly penetrated into the tubules with the thinner diameter. 4. According to the results of XRD analysis of the sclerotic dentin specimen, Hydroxyapatite and Octacalcium phosphate were predominent, however, Whitlockite crystals were rare. 5. The mean Ca/P weight percent ratio analysed from 5 fractured sclerotic dentin specimens was $2.322{\pm}0.170$ at the intertubular dentin, $1.826{\pm}0.051$ within the dentinal tubule.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.257-269
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resin infiltration into dentin of one-bottle adhesive systems and self-etching primer bonded to Class V cavities using confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). Material and Methods : Forty Class V cavities were prepared from freshly extracted caries-free Human teeth. These teeth were divided into two groups based on the presence of cervical abrasion: Group I, cervical abrasion : Group II, wedge-shaped cavity preparation. Resin-dentin interfaces were produced with two one-bottle dentin bonding systems-ONE COAT BOND(OCB; Coltene$^R$) and Syntac$^R$SPrint$^{TM}$(SS; VIVADENT)-, one self-etching priming system-CLEARFIL$^{TM}$ SE BOND (SB : KURARAY)- and one multi-step dentin bonding system-Scotchbond$^{TM}$Multi-Purpose (SBMP, 3M Dental Products)-as control according to manufacturers' instructions. Cavities were restored with Spectrum$^{R}$(Dentsply). Specimens were immersed in saline for 24 hours and sectioned longitudinally with a low-speed diamond disc. The resin-dentin interfaces were microscopically observed using CLSM. The quality of resin-infiltrated dentin layers were evaluated by five dentists using 0~4 scale. Results : Confocal laser scanning microscopal investigations using primer labeled with rhodamine B showed that the penetration of the primer occurred along the cavity margins. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range test revealed that the primer penetration of the group 2(wedge-shaped cavity preparation) was more effective than group 1(cervical abrasion) and that of the gingival interfaces was more effective than the occlusal interfaces. In the one-bottle dentin bonding systems, the resin penetration score of OCB was compatible to SBMP, but those of SS and self-etching priming system, SB were lower than SBMP.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2009

Statement of problem: There is a reduction of dentin bonding strength when the bonding procedure is carried out immediately after bleaching with peroxides. Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate a proper time interval for in-office bleaching technique using 35% hydrogen peroxide. Material and methods: Fifty extracted non-caries human third molars were used in this study. Buccal enamel of each tooth was removed and polished by 600 grits silicone carbide paper. They were randomly divided into five groups and bleached 35% hydrogen peroxide except control group. All groups were bonded with Single Bond/Z 350 after each time intervals ; Group-A: control, no bleaching treatment. Group-B: resin bonding immediately after bleaching. Group-C: resin bonding 1day after bleaching. Group-D: resin bonding 2 days after bleaching. Group-E: resin bonding 7days after bleaching. Shear bond strengths were measured with a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/min using an Instron machine. The data of results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test.(P=.05) Results: There were significant decreases in mean shear strength in immediately bonding group after bleaching. The reduction of bond strengths was 78% compared with the group of no bleaching treatment. Group C showed the recovery of 51%, and Group D showed recovery of 63%. Both of them have no statistical difference with non-bleaching group. Group E showed no statistical difference with no bleaching treatment group. Conclusion: Dentin bonding strength is significantly reduced when bonding is performed immediately after bleaching for in-office bleaching regimens using 35% hydrogen peroxide, and increases as time goes by. One week of elapsed time between bleaching and resin bonding significantly increases bonding strengths for the in-office bleaching technique.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.236-247
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cyanate methacylate on the shear bond strengths to bovine dentin surfaces as a dentin primers. Seven experimental adhesives were made with different mass fraction of Isocyanatoetylme-thacrylate (IEM), 40wt% HEMA (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Osaka, Japan), 0.6% camphoroquinone, 0.4% amine and ethanol as balance dentin bonding agents (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12%) were made and applied on the surface of bovine dentin specimens of 7 experimental groups. Shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine (Instro 4466). To identify the ratio and modes of cohesive failures, microscopic examinationn was performed. The ultra-structure of resin tags were observed under scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows ; 1) A higher shear bond strengths (33.62 MPa) in group 8% of Cyanate methacrylate to dentin were found, but there were no statistically significancy between Groups (p > 0.05). 2) The higher ratio of cohesive failures mode in group 2, 6, an 10% could be seen than that in any other groups. 3) A shorter resin tags were observed in all experimental groups. This could be resulted that the preventing from the cyanate methacrylate penetrate into dentin owing to reacting it with dentin collagen. Therefore the resin tags were shorter in lengths. Whether the higher bonding strengths of dentin bonding agents can be affected was not been assured with statistic results. The results indicated that the relation between tensile strengths of the dentin adhesives to bovine dentin and resin tags formed into the dentin could not affected. The main reason of increasing the shear bond strength to bovine dentin in experimental groups could not be assured.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2008

Three groups of dentin bonding agents (5th generation Single Bond 2.0 and two 6the generation Prompt L-Pop, AdheSE) applied to class V cavities (upper portion with enamel margin and lower portion with dentin margin) prepared at buccal and lingual portion of premolars and molars. Each groups consist of 30 teeth. Devide into two groups, one without thermocycling and the other thermocycled. After then, infiltrate methylene blue into the gap between restoration and tooth. Within non-thermocycled groups, Single Bond 2.0 group shows lesser leakage at enamel margin than other two bonding agents (p <.05) but shows more leakage at dentin margin than other two bonding agents. (p <.05) Within thermocycled groups, Single Bond 2.0 group shows lesser leakage at both enamel and dentin margins. (p <.05)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate microleakage of six current dentin bonding systems. In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of thirty extracted human molars. Each margin was on enamel and dentin/cementum. Experimental teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 5 each. Group 1 : Scotchbond Multi-Purpose; Group 2 : Single Bond; Group 3 : Prime&Bond NT ; Group 4 : Clearfil Liner Bond 2 ; Group 5 : MAC Bond II ; Group 6 : One-up Bond F. The bonding agent and composite resin were applied to class V cavities according to manufacturer's directions. After thermocycling, the specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye solution for 6 hours and sectioned longitudinally through the center of the restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The degree of microleakage was measured as the extent of dye penetration under the stereomicroscope at $\times$20. The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA. When significant differences found. multiple comparisons were made using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In all groups, leakage value seen at the enamel margin was significantly lower than that seen at the dentin margin(P<0.001). 2. At the enamel margin, none of the dentin bonding systems used in this study showed statistically significant difference in leakage values(P<0.05). 3. At the cementum margin, group 3 showed the highest leakage value, and others were decreased as group 5, 6, 4 in that order, and group 1, 2 showed the lowest leakage value. There was statistically significant difference between group 3 and the other groups except for group 5(P<0.05).

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.576-577
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• 2003

I. Objectives This study investigated the dentin shear bond strength and the degree of conversion (DC) of currently used dentin bonding agents (DBAs) that were irradiated with a light emitting diode (LED) light curing unit (LCU) and a halogen LCU. II. Materials and methods The halogen LCU and the LED LCU used in this study were a VIP(Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA) and an Elipar Freelight(3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) respectively. For the VIP, $400mW{\cdot}cm-2$ intensity mode was used to adjust to the intensity of the LED LCU. The DBAs used in this study were Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M ESPE), Single Bond (3M ESPE), One-step(Bisco), Clearfil SE Bond(Kuraray), and Adper Prompt(3M ESPE).(omitted)

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.533-542
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• 1995

The present study investigated the effectiveness of pretreatment on dentin bonding. The adhesive resin was 5% 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) in methyl methacrylate (MMA) combined with poly-MMA powder. Polymerization of this resin was initiated by tri-n-butyl borage (TBB). Ground bovine dentin samples were etched with either an aqueous solution of 10% citric (10-0 solution) (Group I) or aqueous solution of 10% citric acid and 3% ferric chloride(10-3 solution) (Group ll ). After etching, the primer (an aqueous solution of 35% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEM- A) and 5% glutaraldehyde was applied on the differently etched surfaces (Group III , Group IV). The 10-0 treatment showed the lowest tensile bond strength, followed by the 10-3 treatment, primer application after the 10-0 treatment and primer application after the 10-3 treatment. The relationship among the surface morphology after pretreatment, fractured surface morphology and tensile bond strength was examined. It revealed that the surface morphology change by different pretreatment influenced the bond strength and the resulting fractured surface morphology. The correlation of tensile bond strength with the fracture morphology was explained.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.321-338
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moistening and air-drying of acid conditioned dentin and enamel on the marginal microleakage. In this study, Class V cavity were prepared on both buccal and lingual surface of sixty extracted human premolars with cementum margin. These specimens were randomly devided into three groups and three dentin adhesives(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All bond 2, Prisma Universal Bond 3) were applied to each group. The specimens in each group were subdevided into four groups (Wet/primed, Dry/primed, Wet/not primed, Dry/not primed) and the etched dentin and enamel surface were treated these four surface treatments prior to the placement of a bonding agent or adhesive. Wet/primed group was simply blot-dried with a damp facial tissue before primer placement ; Dry/primed group was air dried for 30 seconds before the placement of a primer ; Wet/not primed group and Dry/not primed group were not primed after blot dried and air dried for 30 seconds each group. The bonding agent and composite resin were applied for each group. All specimens were exposed to 500 cycle of thermal stress. Specimens were placed in a silver nitrate solution and then sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration. The dye penetrations of the specimens were observed with a stereo microscope. The statistical test were applied to the results using a one way analysis variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test. The aspects of silver ion penetration into the resin/dentin interface were examined under scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows. 1. In all groups, the enamel margin showed significantly lower leakage value than the cementum margin (p<0.05). 2. Regardless of various surface treatment and dentin adhesives, there was no significant difference at the enamel margins (p>0.05). 3. At the dentin margins, the leakage values of Dry/not primed group showed significantly higher than that of the other groups (p<0.05). The leakage values of Wet/primed group showed significantly lower than that of the other groups, but, there was no significant difference between Wet group and Dry group. 4. There was no significantly difference between the dentin adhesives regarding the surface treatments in all groups(p>0.05). 5. On the backscatterd scanning electron microscopy observation, the penetration of the silver ion occured at the bonding resin/dentin interface. In the Wet/primed group, resindentin hybrid zone and resin penetration into the dentin was observed. The resin tags were compactively formed to a thickness of $3\sim4{\mu}m$ at the upper part of dentinal tubules. In the Dry/primed group, the thickness of the hybrid zone and the diameter, depth of the resin tags diminished. In the Non-primed groups, the hybrid zone was not identified and few resin tag was observed. There was the gap formation in the resin/dentin interface.