• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.262-274
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• 1999

Several alternatives for increasing the fluoride concentration in the mouth, such as water fluoridation, ingestion of fluoride supplements, fluoride paste, fluoride mouthrinse, application of fluoride gel are available. There is an impressive body of evidence that the topically deliverd fluorides are clinically effective in inhibiting the progression of dental caries. Recent studies on the cariostatic action of fluoride have indicated the importance of fluoride in the fluid environment of the teeth. The fluoride levels in unstimulated whole saliva can be considered indicative of F in the aqueous phase available for interaction with the tooth surface at a given time. The retention of F in the mouth after topical fluoride treatment is considered to be an important factor in the clinical efficacy of F. The aim of this study was to determine the elevation and clearance of fluoride in whole saliv after the following topical flouride treatments using HMDS-diffusion technique and fluoride ion electrode. The obtained results were as follow: 1. Average salivary fluoride concentration in the unstimulated whole saliva was $0.0152ppm{\pm}0.0091ppm$. Unstimulated salivary flow rate was between 0.34-0.36ml/min and there was no statistically significant difference among the groups(p>0.05). 2. Except for the immediate time after treatment, fluoride levels followed as APF gel>neutral gel>F-rinse>F-paste. There was no statistical difference between the salivary F concentration of F-paste group and that of control group after 2 hours. In case of F-rinse group, after 3 hours the concentration had dropped to baseline value. But there was statistically significant difference among the F concentraion of F gel groups and that of control group(p<0.05). 3. The mean $AUC_{0-120min}$ values were followed as neutral gel>APF gel>F-rinse>F-paste, and the values of the two former groups were significantly higher than those of the two latter groups(p<0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to examine efficacy of the commercially available 10% CPP-ACP cream (Tooth mousse, GC Co., Japan) and/or 0.05% NaF solution on the remineralization of artifical caries-like lesion in the bovine teeth enamel. Sixty bovine teeth were embedded in orthodontic resin and flattened. The enamel surface in 3 mm diameter was exposed with nail varnish. Specimens were stored in demineralizing solution and divided 5 groups; Group 1 (No treatment), 2 (0.05% NaF solution 1 min), 3 (Tooth mousse 3 min), 4 (After 0.05% NaF solution, Tooth mousse treatment), and 5 (After Tooth mousse treatment, soaking in 0.05% NaF solution during 1 min). After treatment by groups, all specimens was stored in artificial saliva for 30 min. After the process described as above was performed during 10 days without pH cycling, surface hardness (Vickers Hardness Number, VHN) was tested and analyzed by paired t-test and one-way ANOVA test with SPSS 14.0. In intragroup comparison between surface hardness of pre and post-treatment, group 3, 4, 5 showed statistically significant increase (P < 0.05). In intergroup comparison among surface hardness increase of all groups, difference of group 5 between pre and post-treatment ($15.80{\pm}12.21$) was the highest, and followed by group 4 ($14.27{\pm}11.73$), 3 ($4.05{\pm}5.18$), 2 ($1.15{\pm}6.83$), 1 ($0.78{\pm}6.21$). Tooth mousse can be a good alternative agent for the fluoride, and the combination use with fluoride might have the additional anticariogenic effect.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.233-239
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• 2010

Space loss of dental arch can appear when the proper position of teeth within the dental arch changes by a certain cause, because the balance of force makes changes about tooth position as well as alignment. The causes of space loss include proximal caries, early extraction, congenital missing of a tooth and hypodontia, etc. Among those causes of space loss, congenital missing of a tooth is more rarely observed in the primary dentition than in the permanent dentition. Congenital missing in the primary dentition is associated with that in the permanent dentition. Furthermore, it can cause space problem, such as mesial tilting or drift of adjacent teeth, space loss for permanent successors and dental arch constriction, etc. Primary lateral incisors is the most commonly involved, in the maxilla rather than in the mandible, but primary canine is rarely reported. In this patient, who visited the department of pediatric dentistry at Yonsei university dental hospital, it was observed that the maxillary right primary canine was congenitally missing and an odontoma was found insteadly. However, neither the space loss for the congenitally missing primary canine nor midline deviation is remarkable during the 2-year-10-month observation period. In addition, any clinical or radiographical symptom did not occur in spite of odontoma. Therefore, surgical enucleation of odontoma is planned according to the eruption of permanent lateral incisor or canine, unless eruption failure of permanent lateral incisor or canine nor cystic change around the odontoma is occurred. Through further evaluation, space maintainer or orthodontic treatment may be necessary.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.361-374
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to provide some basic data for effective prevention and oral health education for oral health. For that purpose, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the boys of three high schools in Gyeonggi Province. Methods : The questionnaire consisted of items about the practice of oral health control and knowledge of decay according to grade, number of snacking, preferred taste, and toothbrushing. Total 487 questionnaires were put to analysis using the SPSS WIN 13.0 program. Results : 1. The biggest number of the boys brushed their teeth twice a day. The 10th graders brushed teeth three times a day, and the 11th and 12th graders tended to brush teeth twice a day(${\chi}^2$=18.21, p<.05). 2. As for the way of toothbrushing, 39.0% of the boys said they brushed teeth the way they felt like, being followed by those who said they brushed teeth turning the toothbrush up and down and brushing both the teeth and gums(32.6%). As for the number of snacking, those who had snacks three times a day or more brushed teeth turning the toothbrush up and down and brushing both the teeth and gums. Those who hardly had snacks more tended to brush teeth the way they felt like than those who had snacks(${\chi}^2$=21.28, p<.05). And as for preferred tastes, those who preferred a sweet and salty taste more tended to brush teeth the way they felt like than others. And those who preferred a hot taste brushed teeth turning the toothbrush up and down and brushing both the teeth and gums(${\chi}^2$=26.85, p<.01). 3. The respondents' percentage of correct answers for 'Decay is caused by bacteria' was 81.5%. Those who preferred a hot taste recorded the highest percentage of correct answers(${\chi}^2$=21.95, p<.00). 4. Their percentage of correct answers for 'Decay is accompanied by pain from the beginning' was 78.2%. The 12th graders had the highest rate of correct answers, and the 11th graders had the highest rate of wrong answers(${\chi}^2$=11.56, p<.00). 5. Their percentage of correct answers for 'Fluorine is helpful to the prevention of decay' was 75.4%. Those who hardly had snacks recorded the highest rate of correct answers(${\chi}^2$=10.05, p<.02). 6. Their percentage of correct answers for 'There is a way to supply fluorine into the waterworks' was 29.2%, which means the percentage of wrong answers was much higher. The percentage of wrong answers was the highest in the 11th grade(${\chi}^2$=7.06, p<.03). 7. The respondents' mean scores of knowledge of decay were 13.15 of total 18. While the 12th graders showed the highest level of knowledge of decay, the 11th graders were lower in the level of knowledge of decay than the other graders. And there were significant differences(F=5.41, p<.01) according to grade with no such differences according to the number of snacking and preferred taste. Conclusions : Oral health education should be applied to the boys all through their life to have a great effect, and it is important that they should always put the oral health education into practice to be a successful education.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.248-255
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• 2014

The objective of the paper is to analyze the extent to which elementary school students acquired, perceived, and practiced oral health knowledge provided by an elementary school-based oral health clinic (SBOHC). It is respectively investigated by gender and year of school. The paper will be relevant for developing specified oral health programs in elementary SBOHCs. By choosing three elementary schools that operate SBOHC in the school district of Daejeon Metropolitan City from April 11 to April 30, 2013, a self-administered questionnaire was given out to be answered directly by 350 students in the 4th, 5th, and 6th grades and their responses were collected. Of the collected responses, 326 responses were explored by using the SPSS 12.0. Those students' scores of oral health knowledge are found to be statistically meaningful for school year, not for gender. In them are included correct tooth brushing time, dental caries symptoms, gum disease symptoms, and correct tooth brushing method. Change in tooth brushing method after oral health education showed the statistically meaningful difference for gender and school year. In conclusion, every SBOHC should develop a variety of specified educational programs that depend on gender and grade in each elementary school.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2003

This study evaluated the influence of chemomechanical caries removal agent $Carisolv^{TM}$(MediTeam, Sweden) for composite resin adhesion to sound human permanent and primary dentin. The buccal/labial surfaces of 80 permanent molars and 80 primary incisors were used. Four types of adhesives and one composite resin were used; AQ Bond(Sun Medical, Japan), Clearfil SE Bond(Kuraray, Japan), Single Bond(3M, USA), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose(3M, USA) and Z100(3M, USA). One drop of $Carisolv^{TM}$(MediTeam, Sweden) was pretreated on the dentin for 0 second(control) and 60 seconds. The specimens were thermocycled for 1,000 times in baths kept 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C with a 30 seconds dwell time. Shear bond strengths were tested and the data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA with subsequent post hoc Scheffe test at p<0.05. $Carisolv^{TM}$ treatment significantly decreased the shear bond strength. Shear bond strength of permanent dentin was significantly higher than that of primary dentin. Clearfil SE Bond treatment groups showed the highest shear bond strength and AQ Bond treatment groups showed the lowest shear bond strength.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.358-366
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• 2009

Lactic acid bacteria worked positively on gastrointestinal tract and oral environment. So I selected commercial five fermented milks and milk, and then I evaluated their effect of growth inhibition and biofilm formation of cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans. And also calculated the acidity, buffering capacity, concentration of Ca and P ion and pH change of those drinks. After adding S. mutans to fermented milks viable cell count of S. mutans in milk was not statistically different but those in all fermented milks were decreased as concentration of fermented milk increased. When I measured the amount of formed biofilm in 10% fermented milks and milk with S. mutans and compared with those without S. mutans, the amount was decreased in Active GG and Bulgaris while being increased in Tootee, Ace and milk(P<0.05). The fermented milk with the lowest pH value was E5(3.48${\pm}$0.01), and the highest was Bulgaris(4.19${\pm}$0.02). pH change of the fermented milks and milk with S. mutans was measured. The highest acid producing fermented milk was Bulgaris, and followed by Active GG, Ace, Tootee, E5, Milk. These results indicated that fermented milks had caries activity due to the value of initial acidity and acid producing capacity. But, concentrated fermented milks had the inhibitory effect against S. mutans, and also had high volume of Ca and P ion that protected teeth. So I suggest that they have positive effect on teeth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.345-354
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to make public oral health plan more effective and the improvement of the hospital management system for better clinical dental practice. Distribution and trends were examined in all patients who had been examined and diagnosed at Department of Pedodontics, Dental Hospital, Chosun University over 10 year-period from 1990 to 1999 Results were as follows, 1. The number of patients per year was increasing trend after 1996 and higher visiting rate in male(55.9%) than in female(44.1%). 2. Age distribution had shown $3\sim4$ year-old cup being the largest (23.4%) and each percentage of $5\sim6,\;7\sim8,\;0\sim2,\;9\sim10,\;11\sim12,\;13\sim14,\;above\sim15$ year-old group was 19.9%, 17.7%, 14.6%, 12.6%, 8.0%, 3.3%. 0.5%. 3. Geographic distribution showed a majority of patients in Kwang-Ju (83.0%). Group in the suburbs of Kwang-Ju(Jang-Sung group) was 5.4%. 4. Dental caries showed the highest percentage(40.5%) in chief complaints and percentage of oral exam, orthodontic problem, oral pain, trauma, supernumerary teeth, swelling was 13.9% 12.6%, 8.8%, 7.4%, 5.5%, 4.9%. 5. In all patients with traumatic problem, crown fracture showed the highest percentage(41.4%) and percentage of subluxation was 19.4%. 6. Majority(78.7%) of patients were not refered, and percentage of patients refered from local clinic was 20.5%. 7. Patients who had periodic check-up comprised 19.6%, and percentage of after 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24month was 36.7%, 22.2%, 13.5%, 11.3%, 5.4%, 11.0%.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.117-123
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• 2010

Tooth eruption is the movement of the tooth from the developing place in the alveolar bone to the functional position in the oral cavity. The permanent incisors originate from the dental lamina on the lingual side of preceding deciduous tooth and erupt to the level of the occlusion through the well developed gubernacular cord. Ectopic eruption is a developmental disturbance in the eruption pattern of the permanent dentition. Most of the ectopically erupted lower incisor has been found in lingual side. The ectopically erupted tooth could be repositioned by orthodontic force in the early mixed dentition, which could help preventing the problems of loss of space and the lingual tilting of the lower anterior teeth. An eight-year-old girl visited the department of pediatric dentistry, Yonsei Dental University Hospital, for the evaluation and the treatment of the lower right lateral incisor, which was horizontally erupted in the lingual side, parallel to the mouth floor. Her tongue was placed on the labial side of that tooth. There was no previous dental history of dental caries or trauma on the pre-occupied primary incisor. Clinical and radiographic examinations including the computed tomography(CT), showed no evidence of dilacerations on root. Therefore, we decided to start active orthodontic traction of the lower right lateral incisor. We designed the fixed type of buccal arch wire and the lip bumper with hook for the traction. Button was attached to the lingual side of the ectopically positioned tooth. Elastic was used between the appliance and the button on that tooth. After the tooth become upright over the tongue level, appliance was change to the removable type and periodic check-up with occlusal guidance was followed to monitor the position of the tooth. In this case using the fixed appliance with modified form of lip bumper and hook embedded in acrylic part instead of extraction was very efficient up-righting the ectopically erupted tooth toward the occlusal plane.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2011

Restoring and replacing teeth with fixed prostheses commonly used in dental practice. Because of improper oral hygiene care and inaccurate laboratory procedure, complication of fixed prostheses was found in the mouth of patient. Although many efforts have been continually made to obtain the data of long term prognosis of fixed prostheses, it was difficult to do it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical status of fixed prostheses to improve the quality of dental care. In order to assess the clinical status of fixed prostheses, a total of 154 individuals (aged 22-82, 88 women and 66 men loaded with 578 unit of fixed prostheses, and 423 abutments) who visited the Department of Prosthodontics, Pusan National University Hospital, between January 2009 to December 2009 and removed old fixed prostheses were examined. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Length of service of fixed prostheses was $10.3{\pm}05.5$ years (mean), 10.0 years (median). 2. Location of fixed prostheses was found to have statistically significant influence on longevity of fixed prostheses (P<.05). The longevity of fixed prostheses was high in anterior-posterior combination region (mean:13.1, median:13.5) than anterior and posterior region. 3. Longevity of fixed prostheses made of metal was longest (mean:13.3, median:12.3). 4. Number of units in fixed prostheses was found to have no statistically significant influence on longevity of fixed prostheses (P>.05). 5. Condition of opposing dentition was found to have statistically significant influence on longevity of fixed prostheses (P>.05). The fixed prostheses lasted longest when opposed by complete denture (mean:17.1, median:19.7), removable partial denture, fixed prosthesis and natural dentition trailing behind (P<.05) 6. Periodontal disease (37.5%), dental caries (19.0%), defective margin (18.4%) were frequent complications. In 33.1% of the cases, abutment state after removing fixed prostheses was needed to be extracted.