• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.513-525
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• 2008

Purpose: The present study was intended to measure fatigue symptoms according to the quality of sleep among nurses working for an university hospital and to reveal its related factors. Methods: The self-administered questionnaires were given to 397 nurses employed in an university hospital located in Daejeon City during the period from June 1st to July 31st, 2007. Results: The group with higher quality of sleep accounted for 78.1% of all the subjects and the one with lower quality, 21.9%. According to qualities of sleep, the fatigue symptom was determined to be significantly higher in the group with lower quality of sleep than its counterpart. On adjustment for quality of sleep, the level of fatigue symptom was significantly higher in the groups, than in each respective counterparts, who don't take regular exercises, who have few leisure time, who have lower level of subjective health status, who range ${\geq}$ 1 and < 10 years in job careers, who work in shifts, who reported that it is hard to get physical burden of work, who are satisfied with the job, who find themselves unfit to the job, who are considering quitting the job, who have higher job demand, who have lower job control, who have higher level of supervisor support, who have type A behavior pattern. Conclusion: The study results may explain that the fatigue symptom of nurses is highly associated with the quality of sleep independently of other variables and also with job-related characteristics independently of the sleep quality. In conclusion, to reduce the fatigue symptom of nurses, strategic efforts should be directed for programs to improve the quality of sleep and a proper job analysis.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2015

The interest of New Renewable Energy is increasing globally because of the increment of the uncertainty for the energy's supply and demand, and the increment of the frequency in weather anomaly and its damages. One of the New Renewable Energies, Hydrogen receives attention as the future energy that can deal with global environment regulation. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is an environment-friendly vehicle that uses Hydrogen as fuel. The electric power for FCEV is generated by chemical reaction with Oxygen from the air and Hydrogen. Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) has developed a proprietary fuel cell system since 2005. In 2012, HMC is the first car maker that mass-produces the ix35 FCEV to the worldwide such as North America, Europe, etc. In order to develop and improve the FCEV technology, data acquisition and analysis of the driving vehicle information is essential. Therefore, the monitoring system is developed, which is consist of datalogger, Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) server and main server. Especially, WCDMA technology is integrated into the system which enables the data analysis without any restriction of time and region. The main function of the system is the analysis of the driving pattern and the component durability, and the safety monitoring. As a result, ix35 FCEV has successfully developed by using the developed monitoring system. The system is going to take an advantage of development in the future FCEV technology.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.43-48
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• 2017

Semiconductors are leading the development of industrial technology, leading to miniaturization and weight reduction of electronic products as a leading technology, we are dragging the electronic industry market Especially, the semiconductor manufacturing process is composed of highly accurate and complicated processes, and effective production is required Recently, a vision system combining a computer and a camera is utilized for defect detection In addition, the demand for a system for measuring the shape of a fine pattern processed by a special process is rapidly increasing. In this paper, we propose a vision algorithm using mask image to detect scratch defect of semiconductor pockage. When applied to the manufacturing process of semiconductor packages via the proposed system, it is expected that production management can be facilitated, and efficiency of production will be enhanced by failure judgment of high-speed packages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2005

Although the technology for emotion recognition is important one which was demanded in various fields, it still remains as the unsolved problems. Especially, there is growing demand for emotion recognition technology based on racial image. The facial image based emotion recognition system is complex system comprised of various technologies. Therefore, various techniques such that facial image analysis, feature vector extraction, pattern recognition technique, and etc, are needed in order to develop this system. In this paper, we propose new emotion recognition system based un previously studied facial image analysis technique. The proposed system recognizes the emotion by using the fuzzy classifier. The facial image database is built up and the performance of the proposed system is verified by using built database.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.51-57
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• 2013

Energy saving starts by knowing how much energy is being consumed. A building factor is easier than any other things in energy saving. Since, especially, it is closely connected with user's space-use-patterns and manager's utility-operation-style. An energy metering system lets building users know about energy consumption pattern in buildings and measure energy in real time. Development and materialization of metering systems need more careful plans, so that they depend on a demand of individual facilities and available infrastructures they used to use. But, so far, there is no guidelines how to install metering systems. This paper suggested how to install meters and researched a method for how to analyze by using metered data. For that, Green Building in KIER is used as a test bed. As the results, nevertheless the smallest number of meters is basically one for the whole building energy measuring, it is too limited in analysis. So we needed to add the sort of fuel and utility types and found that it depends on all cases. For this reasons, a guideline should be created in order to install meters as soon as possible. It would be suggest a way to save more energy in building factor.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.134-142
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• 2012

The competition to deliver ultra-low emitting vehicles at a reasonable cost is driving the automotive industry to invest significant manpower and test laboratory resources in the design optimization of increasingly complex exhaust after-treatment systems. Optimization can no longer be based on traditional approaches, which are intensive in hardware use and laboratory testing. The CFD is in high demand for the analysis and design in order to reduce developing cost and time consuming in experiments. This paper describes the development of a comprehensive practical model based on experiments for simulating the performance of automotive three-way catalytic converters, which are employed to reduce engine exhaust emissions. An experiment is conducted to measure species concentrations before and after catalytic converter for different loads on engine. The model simulates the emission system behavior by using an exhaust system heat conservation and catalyst chemical kinetic sub-model. CFD simulation is used to study the performance of automotive catalytic converter. The substrate is modeled as a porous media in FLUENT and the standard k-e model is used for turbulence. The flow pattern is changed from axial to radial by changing the substrate model inside the catalytic converter and the flow distribution and the conversion efficiency of CO, HC and NOx are achieved first, and the predictions are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. It is found that the conversion from axial to radial flow makes the catalytic converter more efficient. These studies help to understand better the performance of the catalytic converter in order to optimize the converter design.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of three different pelvic tilts on a sit-to-stand (STS) and to suggest a new assessment approach based on biomechanical analysis. The three difrent pelvic tilts were: (1) comfortable pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (CPT STS), (2) posterior pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (PPT STS) and (3) anterior pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (APT STS). To determine the onset time of muscle contraction surface electrodes were applied to the rectus femoris muscle (RF), vastus lateralis muscle (VL), biceps femoris muscle (BF), tibialis anterior muscle (TA), gastrocnemius muscle (GCM), and soleus muscle (SOL). The ICC was used for functional linkage analysis. The findings of this study were as follows. First, significant differences were found in kinematic variables and in muscle activation pattern among the three activities. Second, the results of functional integrated analysis revealed that recruited muscle activation patterns changed when the thigh-off was viewed as a reference point. Third, there were independent functional units between the thigh-off and the VL and between the thigh-off and the RF in the functional linkage analysis. The VL and RF acted as prime mover muscles, and more postural adjustment muscle recruitment was required as the demand of postural muscle control increased (PPT STS, APT STS, and CPT STS in order). In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest the following evaluative and therapeutic approach for STS activity. APT STS can be introduced for movement efficiency and functional advantage when abnormal STS is treated. However, excessive APT would change the muscle activation patterns of BF and SOL and require additional postural muscle control to cause abnormal control patterns.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 1997

Recently, by the popularization of computers and the development of many kinds of information transmission software, the living pattern in business offices and in home-life have changed rapidly. Because of the great progression of today's science technology, the influence of social education on the children is larger than that of the traditional school.. By a rapid change in the social atmosphere, there are some people who insist the traditional school education system is of no use any more. There have been many calls for reform of traditional schooling and in particular there has been major rethinking of school mathematics. The initial demand for change in elementary school mathematics is because of the poor achievement of students. There are even more compelling reasons for change. For example today's science technology society requires a different mathematical literacy for its citizens than that of the past. The importance of problem-solving based on interest and progress is more important than just paper-pencil computation in elementary schools. And also the increasing information wave of today's society demands that the school accept the long-distance education which could not be imagined in the past. Taking account of this variety, school education in the future should willingly introduce and apply the open education system to keep pace with today's society. To accept society demands actively, today's schools are going to accept and apply the idea of the open education. In this viewpoint, the purpose of the paper is to analyze the causes of under-achievement in mathematics teaming, the directions of school mathematics education, the system of textbooks and the problems of teaching-learning programs and paper-pencil test.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.507-515
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• 2014

The consumption of meat is increasing in India and agriculture is considered as the backbone of a majority of people. Livestock plays a significant role, and poultry and dairy are the major sectors contributing to economic development. The majority of meats consumed in India are fish, bovine, mutton, goat, pig, and poultry. In Indian context, culture, traditions, customs, and taboos influence meat consumption to a great extent. However, studies show that urbanization has been causing a rise in demand for meat products. India is the world's second largest exporter of beef. In India, 95% of goat meat produced is consumed locally. Meat consumption, in particular, is determined by the religions where pork is forbidden to Muslims and beef is prohibited to Hindus. The preference and consumption of chicken meat can be considered as a universal phenomenon and chicken meat is greatly accepted by consumers in India as compared to the other meat consumption. The increase of chicken meat consumption is due to the versatility of the meat, relatively low cost in comparison to other meat, and the acceptance of the chicken meat to all religions. There has been a great rise in the production of livestock products and this is expected to continue in the future. The pattern of meat consumption depends considerably on culture, tradition and urbanization. This review was formulated with the objective of identifying the meat consumption patterns in a typical Indian society.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2006

A large sectional tunnelling method using Shield TBM is expected to be popular as domestic demand of long tunnel gets growing. Although a shield tunnelling method has been recognized as prominent method in consideration of stability and applicability in shallow and poor ground, the cases of accident and constructional trouble have been often happened due to unexpected poor ground condition, or selection and use of improper shield machine. Especially, troubling cases at tunnel face are frequently occurred, so supporting pressure control of tunnel face would be the main issue for securing safer and more efficient tunnel excavation using Shield TBM. In this point, we carried out the numerical feed-back analysis to compare the ground deformation pattern with theoretical result at tunnel face.