• Title/Summary/Keyword: delay factor

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Performance Improvement of Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm by Optimized Early Stopping for Inhomogeneous Datasets

  • Chae-Rim Han;Sun-Jin Lee;Il-Gu Lee
    • Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.198-207
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    • 2023
  • Responding to changes in artificial intelligence models and the data environment is crucial for increasing data-learning accuracy and inference stability of industrial applications. A learning model that is overfitted to specific training data leads to poor learning performance and a deterioration in flexibility. Therefore, an early stopping technique is used to stop learning at an appropriate time. However, this technique does not consider the homogeneity and independence of the data collected by heterogeneous nodes in a differential network environment, thus resulting in low learning accuracy and degradation of system performance. In this study, the generalization performance of neural networks is maximized, whereas the effect of the homogeneity of datasets is minimized by achieving an accuracy of 99.7%. This corresponds to a decrease in delay time by a factor of 2.33 and improvement in performance by a factor of 2.5 compared with the conventional method.

A Korean case of CTCF related neurodevelopmental disorders

  • Seong Ryeong Kang;Soo Hyun Seo;Kyunghoon Kim;Hee Bum Yang;Hye Ran Yang;Anna Cho
    • Journal of Genetic Medicine
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.70-74
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    • 2023
  • CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a transcriptional regulator that binds to a complex DNA motif in various orientations and plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression, chromatin restructuring, and developmental processes. Mutations in the CTCF are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we report the first Korean case with a de novo heterozygous variant in the CTCF (c.1025G>A; p.Arg342His). She showed global developmental delay, failure to thrive, and dysmorphic face, which are phenotypes consistent with previous reports in the autosomal dominant intellectual developmental disorder 21 (MIM 615502). She also showed clinical features not previously reported, such as antral web and tracheobronchomalacia. Our case follows suit and expands understanding of this rare disorder by reporting common features and, on the other hand, unreported concomitant congenital anomalies.

Predictable Risk Factors for Adjacent Segment Degeneration After Lumbar Fusion

  • Hyun, Seung-Jae;Kim, Young-Baeg;Hong, Hyun-Jong;Kwon, Jeong-Taik;Suk, Jong-Sik;Min, Byung-Kook
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.88-94
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    • 2007
  • Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate predictable risk factors for radiologic degeneration of adjacent segment after lumbar fusion and preoperative radiologic features of patients who underwent additional surgery with adjacent segment degeneration. Methods : Between January 1995 and December 2002, 201 patients who underwent lumbar fusion for degenerative conditions of lumbar spine were evaluated. We studied radiologic features, the method of operation, the length of fusion, age, sex, osteoporosis, and body mass index. Special attention was focused on, preoperative radiologic features of patients who required additional surgery were studied to detect risk factors for clinical deterioration. Results : Follow-up period ranged from 3 to 11 years. In our study, 61 [30%] patients developed adjacent segment degeneration, and 15 [7%] patients required additional surgery for neurologic deterioration. Age, the postoperative delay, facet volume, motion range, laminar inclination, facet tropism, and preexisting disc degeneration of adjacent segment considered as possible risk factors. Among these, laminar inclination and preexisting disc degeneration of adjacent segment were significantly correlated with clinical deterioration. Conclusion : The radiologic degeneration of adjacent segment after lumbar fusion can be predicted in terms of each preoperative radiologic factor, age and the postoperative delay. Laminar inclination and preexisting disc degeneration of adjacent segment have shown as strong risk factors for neurologic deterioration. Thus, careful consideration is warranted when these risk factors are present.

Change of Surviving Fractions based on the Recovery of Potentially Lethal Damage in HFL-I Cell Line (HFL-I 세포의 잠재적 치사 손상 회복에 따른 세포 생존율 변화)

  • Choi, Eunae
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.147-151
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    • 2017
  • Potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) in HFL-I was investigated by delayed plating experiments. The surviving fraction data were fitted to the linear Quadratic equation ($LogSn=-n{\gamma}({\alpha}d+{\beta}d^2$) where ${\gamma}=1$ for immediate plating). And a repair factor ${\gamma}$ was developed to compare survival for immediate and delayed plating. When we only took into account the repair factor of PLDR ${\gamma}$ which was derived from the delay assay, the cell survival response th fractionated carbon ion irradiation was not fully matched. This gap suggested that consideration of another repair process is necessary. So this suggests that the various repair process plays an important role in the fractionated irradiations.

Performance Improvement of Endpoint Detection of Double-Talking Period in the Acoustic Echo Canceller (음향반향제거기에서 동시통화시의 끝점검출 성능 개선)

  • Kim, Si-Ho;Kwon, Hong-Seok;Bae, Keun-Sung;Byun, Kyung-Jin
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.27 no.1A
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    • pp.58-65
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    • 2002
  • This paper deals with a delay problem in the endpoint detection of double-talk detection algorithm using correlation coefficient in the acoustic echo canceller. In case that past power is much bigger than current power like at the end of double-talking period, the power, estimated using forgetting factor, decreases slowly to cause a delay problem in the endpoint detection. In this paper, two methods are proposed to solve this problem. One is that the current power is periodically replaced by a new average power and the other is that the past power in recursive equation is periodically removed or replaced by other values. The simulation results show that proposed methods outperform conventional method in the endpoint of double-talking periods without increasing the computational burden much more.

A Study on the 'Extended' DSM Programs in Korean LNG Market (산업용 천연가스 수요관리 프로그램 최적화를 위한 동태적 시뮬레이션에 관한 연구)

  • Chang, Han-Soo;Choi, Ki-Ryun
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.211-231
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    • 2002
  • This paper summarizes the results of a study that assess how a demand side management (DSM) system addresses key economic and environmental challenges facing in the Korean natural gas sector considering; ${\bullet}$ high discrepancies of seasonal consumption volume and of load factor in unmatured domestic LNG market, ${\bullet}$ unfavorable and volatile international LNG market, imposing with the contestable "take-or-pay" contract terms, ${\bullet}$ low profile of LNG and existence of market barriers against an optimal fuel mix status in the industrial energy sector. A particular focus of this study is to establish an 'extended' DSM system in the unmatured gas market, especially in industry sector, that could play a key role to assure an optimum fuel mix scheme. Under the concept of 'extended' DSM, a system dynamics modeling approach has been introduced to explore the option to maximize economic benefits in terms of the national energy system optimization, entailing different ways of commitments accounting for different DSM measures and time delay scenarios. The study concludes that policy options exist that can reduce inefficiencies in gas industry and end-use system at no net costs to national economy. The most scenarios find that, by the year 2015, it is possible to develop a substantial potential of increased industrial gas end-uses under more reliable and stable load patterns. Assessment of sensitivity analysis suggests that time delay factor, in formulating DSM scenarios, plays a key role to overcome various market barriers in domestic LNG market and provides a strong justification for the policy portfolios 'just in time' (time accurateness), which eventually contribute to establish an optimum fuel mix strategy. The study indicates also the needs of advanced studies based on SD approach to articulate uncertainty in unmatured energy market analysis, including gas.

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Concrete Strength Prediction Neural Network Model Considering External Factors (외부영향요인을 고려한 콘크리트 강도예측 뉴럴 네트워크 모델)

  • Choi, Hyun-Uk;Lee, Seong-Haeng;Moon, Sungwoo
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.19 no.12
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    • pp.7-13
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    • 2018
  • The strength of concrete is affected significantly not only by the internal influence factors of cement, water, sand, aggregate, and admixture, but also by the external influence factors of concrete placement delay and curing temperature. The objective of this research was to predict the concrete strength considering both the internal and external influence factors when concrete is placed at the construction site. In this study, a concrete strength test was conducted on the 24 combinations of internal and external influence factors, and a neural network model was constructed using the test data. This neural network model can predict the concrete strength considering the external influence factors of the concrete placement delay and curing temperature when concrete is placed at the construction site. Contractors can use the concrete strength prediction neural network model to make concrete more robust to external influence factors during concrete placement at a construction site.

An ICI Canceling 5G System Receiver for 500km/h Linear Motor Car

  • Suguru Kuniyoshi;Rie Saotome;Shiho Oshiro;Tomohisa Wada
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.27-34
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    • 2023
  • This paper proposed an Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI) Canceling Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) receiver for 5G mobile system to support 500 km/h linear motor high speed terrestrial transportation service. A receiver in such high-speed train sees the transmission channel which is composed of multiple Doppler-shifted propagation paths. Then, a loss of sub-carrier orthogonality due to Doppler-spread channels causes ICI. The ICI Canceler is realized by the following three steps. First, using the Demodulation Reference Symbol (DMRS) pilot signals, it analyzes three parameters such as attenuation, relative delay, and Doppler-shift of each multi-path component. Secondly, based on the sets of three parameters, Channel Transfer Function (CTF) of sender sub-carrier number 𝒏 to receiver sub-carrier number 𝒍 is generated. In case of 𝒏≠𝒍, the CTF corresponds to ICI factor. Thirdly, since ICI factor is obtained, by applying ICI reverse operation by Multi-Tap Equalizer, ICI canceling can be realized. ICI canceling performance has been simulated assuming severe channel condition such as 500 km/h, 2 path reverse Doppler Shift for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM modulations. In particular, for modulation schemes below 16QAM, we confirmed that the difference between BER in a 2 path reverse Doppler shift environment and stationary environment at a moving speed of 500 km/h was very small when the number of taps in the multi-tap equalizer was set to 31 taps or more. We also confirmed that the BER performance in high-speed mobile communications for multi-level modulation schemes above 64QAM is dramatically improved by the use of a multi-tap equalizer.

Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.191-207
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    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.

A Study on Optimum Control of Marine Traffic -In the Domain of Control Sector- (해상 교통량의 효율적 관리 방안에 관하여 -(1) 교통 관제 해역의 경우-)

  • 윤명오;이철영
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.39-47
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    • 1991
  • As per the rapid development of world economics the marine traffic volume was increased accordingly and caused frequent disasters in human lives and natural environment in the consequence of accidents. As the result of the above they started to establish Vessel Traffic System(VTS) and separation scheme in waterway from 1960' to prevent the marin traffic accident but the problem of safety at sea appears now as neither fully defined nor sufficiently analysed. At the present, the dominant factor in establishing the strategy of marine traffic has been safety of navigation concerning only with the ship, but the risk of society derives almost wholly from the nature of cargo. To measure the degree of danger for each ship there is suggested concept of safety factor numbers denoting the level of latent danger in connection with ship and her cargo. In this paper, where the strategy of VTS is put on controlling density of safety factor for control area. it suggested algorithms how to assign the vessels and also to get optimal sequence of vessels located to a sector in the sense of minimizing the passage delay. For the formulation of problem, min max and 0-1 programming methods are applied and developed heuristic algorithm is presented with numerical example to improve the efficiency of calculation.

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