• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to estabilish clinical guidance of microvascular anastomosis in diabetic patients. This study was performed with experimental microvascular anastomosis in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and observed histopathologic change and endohelial healing process. Materials and Methods : 70 Sprague-Dawley rats, weighting 200 to 250grams, were used for the experiment. 35 induced diabetic rats with streptozotocin and 35 control group were selected. After end-to-end carotid artery microvascular anastomosis was done, the experimental rats were sacrificed at different time interval (1st day, 3rd day, 1st week, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week) for histologic examination. Light microscope observation was used in this study. Results : 1. Histopathologic changes are nearly the same healing process in two groups. But period of tissue reaction was faster in the control than diabetic group. 2. In endotheliall healing, control group started at 1 week after and completed at 4 weeks after, but diabetic group was observed partially at 4 weeks after and complete healing was not observed still at 8 weeks after. 3. In subintimal hyperplasia, control group was observed at 6 weeks after but diabetic group was observed at 6 weeks after and partially at 8 weeks after. 4. All groups showed severe inflammatory response in the early period. This respond is decreased at 2 weeks after in control group but still remained at 8 weeks after in the diabetic group. 5. In media, inflammatory response and degeneration were observed in early period. Regeneration of smooth muscle cell was observed at 1 week after in control group but 4 weeks after in the diabetic group. Conclusions : As the results of study, it could be thought that vascular regeneration process was not failured but delayed in the diabetes. It was considered that diabetes mellitus was not absolute contraindication of microvascular anastomosis.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 2018

Parry-Romberg syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by progressive shrinkage and degeneration of the tissues usually on only one side of the face. It is usually difficult to restore the facial contour due to skin tightness. In this case report, we report a forehead reconstruction with custom-made three-dimensional (3D) titanium implant of a Parry-Romberg syndrome patient who was treated with multiple fat grafts but had limited effect. A 36-year-old man presented with hemifacial atrophy. The disease progressed from 5 to 16 years old. The patient had alopecia on frontal scalp and received a surgery using tissue expander. The alopecia lesion was covered by expanded scalp flap done 22 years ago. Also, he was treated with fat grafts on depressed forehead 17 years ago. However, it did not work sufficiently, and there was noted depressed forehead. We planned to make 3D titanium implant to cover the depressed area (from the superior orbital rim to the vertex). During the operation, we confirmed that the custom-made 3D implant accurately fit for the depressed area without any dead spaces. Previously depressed forehead and glabella were elevated, and the forehead contour was improved cosmetically. A custom-made 3D titanium implant is widely used for skull reconstruction and bring good results. In our case, the depressed forehead of a Parry-Romberg syndrome patient was improved by a 3D titanium implant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.177-180
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• 2004

In this study, we report a novel encapsulation method for longevity of an organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) using pentaceneby means of an adhesive multiplayerincluded Al film. For encapsulation of OTFTs, the Al film adhered onto the OTFT in a dry nitrogen atmosphere using a proper adhesive. A lifetime, which was defined as the time necessary to reduce mobility to 2% of initial mobility value, was observed from the typical $I_{D-VD}$ characteristics of the field-effect transistor (FET). The initial field effect mobility ${\mu}$ was measured to be $2.0{\times}10^{-1}\;cm^2/Vs$. The characterization was maintained for long times in air. No substantial degeneration occurred. The performance and the stability are probably due to the encapsulation effect.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.15-20
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• 2012

This paper presents a 5-Gb/s optical receiver circuit realized in a $0.13-{\mu}m$ CMOS technologies for the applications of high-speed digital interface. Exploiting modified RGC input stage at the front-end transimpedance amplifier, interleaving active feedback and source degeneration techniques at the limiting amplifier, the proposed optical receiver chip demonstrates the measured results of $72-dB{\Omega}$ transimpedance gain, 4.7-GHz bandwidth, and $400-mV_{pp}$differential output voltage swings up to the data rate of 5-Gb/s. Also, the chip dissipates 66mW in total from a single 1.2-V supply, and occupies the area of $1.6{\times}0.8mm^2$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.307-318
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to identify multi-level stressors from blood biomarkers to community-level bioindicators and diagnose the stream ecosystem health in polluted streams. Blood chemistry such as total protein ($T_{Pro}$), blood urea nitrogen ($B_{UN}$), total cholesterol ($T_{Cho}$) and $A_{lb}$umin ($A_{lb}$) were analyzed from sentinel fish tissues; the functions of kidney, gill and liver were significantly decreased in the impacted zone ($I_z$), compared to the control zone ($C_z$). Histopathological analysis showed that fish liver tissues were normal in the $C_z$. Fish liver tissues in the $I_z$, however, showed large cell necrosis and degeneration and also had moderate lobular inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration of lymphocytic histocytes. Species biotic index (SBI) at species level and stream health assessment (SHA) at community level indicated that chemical impacts were evident in the $I_z$ (ecological health; poor - very poor), and this was matched with the blood tissue analysis and histopathological analysis. The impairments of the streams were supported by water chemistry analysis (nitrogen, phosphorus). Tolerance guild analysis and trophic guild analysis of fish were showed significant differences (P < 0.01) between $C_z$ and $I_z$. Overall, multiple parameter analysis from biomarker level (blood tissues) to bioindicator level (community health) showed significantly greater impacts in the $I_z$ than $C_z$. This approach may be effective as a monitoring tool in identifying the multilateral and forthcoming problems related to chemical pollution and habitat degradation of stream ecosystems.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.9 s.351
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• pp.99-104
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• 2006

In this paper, the conventional 2 dimensional metamaterial structure has degeneration of shielding characteristic in cross polarization effect. The proposed 3-D resonator is designed for reduction of cross polarization effect. The proposed 3-D resonator using LTCC consists of 2-D parallel resonators on X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis. The 2-D parallel resonator consists of two plate and one via. When the co-polarization electric filed is excited, the resonance frequency of 3-D resonator is 5.024GHz. The stop bandwidth is 19MHz. When the cross-polarization electric field is excited, the resonance frequency of 3-D resonator is 4.825GHz. The stop bandwidth is 19MHz. The proposed 3-D resonator achieve reduction of cross-polarization effect. The concrete consists of proposed 3-D resonator and absorbtion materials. The concrete will be applied for reduction or interference signal of ETCS(Electric Toll collection system).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2020

Objectives: Long-term facial paralysis results in degeneration of the distal nerve segment and atrophy of the supplied muscles. Options for these patients include free muscle transfer, temporalis myoplasty, and botulinum toxin injections for smile reanimation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the subjective and objective outcomes of these procedures. Materials and Methods: In our study, we retrospectively analyzed smile symmetry in patients with facial palsy (n=8) who underwent facial reanimation procedures. Results: Subjective analysis showed high satisfaction in seven out of eight patients. Objective analysis showed statistically significant improvement postoperatively in both vertical and horizontal smile symmetry at rest and during maximum smile (P<0.001). Conclusion: Choosing the ideal procedure for the patients is the most critical aspect for facial reanimation. Though free muscle transfer is considered gold standard procedure, temporalis myoplasty also gives satisfactory results. Residual synkinesis which can lead to disturbing aesthetic deformity can be effectively treated with botulinum toxin.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.195-205
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• 2013

Obesity may cause metabolic syndrome and adult diseases. This study was undertaken to investigate the ameliorative or useful effects of beanleaves on inflammation and liver damage in obese rat models. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group (normal diet, n=6), a fat diet group (45%-fat diet, n=7), and a bean leaf group (45%-fat+Korean bean leaves diet, n=7). Body weights in the bean leaf group were lower than those of the fat group (P<0.05). Serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) concentrations were lower in both the control and bean leaf groups than in the fat group (P<0.001). TNF-${\alpha}$ concentrations in the bean leaf group were slightly higher than in the control group but statistically significant (P<0.05). The bean leaf group histologically exhibited lower fatty degeneration, spotty necrosis, and leukocyte infiltrations in hepatic tissues than those of the fat group. In the homogenized liver tissues, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene was only expressed in the fat group. The gene expression levels of hepatic TNF-${\alpha}$, inducible nitric-oxide synthase, peroxiome proliferator-activated receptor-${\alpha}$ (PPAR-${\alpha}$), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ (TGF-${\beta}1$) were weaker in the bean leaf group than in the fat group. These results suggest that adding bean-leaves to the diet may ameliorate obesity-induced systemic inflammation and liver damage and that bean leaves may be a useful food for preventing obesity and thereby metabolic syndrome and adult diseases.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 1998

Apoptosis is a form of cell death in which the cells shrink and exhibit nuclear chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation, and yet maintain membrane integrity. Many lines of evidence have shown that brain neurons are vulnerable to degeneration by apoptosis. Also it has been suggested that apoptosis is one of the mechanism contributing neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease(AD), since the conditions in the disease($A{\beta}$ peptide, oxidative stress, low energy metabolism) are the inducers that activate apoptosis. Indeed some neurons in vulnerable regions of the AD brain show DNA damage, chromatin condensation, and apoptic bodies. Consistently, mutations in AD causative genes(Amyloid precursor protein, Presenilin-1 and Presenilin- 2) increase $A{\beta}$ $peptide_{1-42}(A{\beta}_{1-42})$ and sensitize neuronal cell to apoposis. However, several lines of evidence have shown that the location of neuronal loss and $A{\beta}$ peptide deposition is not correlated in AD brain and transgenic mice brain over-expressing $A{\beta}_{1-42}$. Taken together, these data may indicated that $A{\beta}$ peptide(and other causative factors of AD) can interact with other cellular insults or risk factors to exacerbate pathological mechansim of AD through apoptosis. Thus, this review discusses possible role and mechanism of apoptosis in AD.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.447-455
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• 2013

This clinical case reports the effect of Chilgi-tang, a kind of traditional Korean herbal medicine, on $3^{rd}$ degree AV block patients also known as complete heart block. Complete heart block caused by degeneration of electrical conduction system of heart may result in weakness, dizziness, syncope, etc. Two clinical cases reported herein are diagnosed as $3^{rd}$ degree AV block caused by psychological stress with chief complaints of syncope and dyspnea respectively. The chief complains of cases cured remarkably after Chilgi-tang medication. In one case, $3^{rd}$ degree AV block was disappeared. In conclusion, we suggest that Chilgi-tang can be a potential treatment for complete heart block due to psychological stress.