• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.130-134
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• 2010

본 연구는 전북 고창의 수박 시설 농기에서 '우리꿀'을 대상으로 토양의 이화학성, 생육 및 과실품질에 대한 정식 전 심경로타리 처리의 효과를 알아보고자 수행하였다. 정식 전에 비해 재배 및 수확 후 토양 pH 변화는 거의 없었으나 토양 EC는 크게 떨어졌다. 유기물 및 유효인산 함량은 두 처리 모두에서 증가하였는데, 유효인산의 누적 함량이 심경로타리 처리구에서 적었다. 치환성 양이온도 Mg을 제외하고는 모두 감소한 경향이었는데 심경로타리 처리구에서 K의 감소가 뚜렷하였다. 수박의 정식 후 27일째 생육 특성 중 일반로타리 처리구에 비해 심경로타리 처리구에서 초장, 10절까지의 줄기 길이, 엽폭에서 유의하게 길었고, 1번 및 2번화의착과 절위가 낮았다. 그리고 육안 관찰 시 식물체 위조 증상 정도이 적었다. 수확기에는 일반로타리 처리구에 비해 심경로타리 처리구에서 30절까지의 줄기 길이가 유의하게 길었고, 육안 관찰 시 잎의 황변 현상이 적었다. 수확된 과실의 길이, 직경, 과피경도, 그리고 무게는 심경로타리 처리구에서 유의하게 높았다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.189-193
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• 1985

경운방법(耕耘方法)의 차이(差異)가 토양(土壤)의 물리적특성(物理的特性)과 수도생육(水稻生育)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 미사식양질답(微砂埴壤質畓)에서 경운기경운(耕耘機耕耘), 무경운(無耕耘), 로타리, 심경(深耕), 심토파쇄(深土破碎) 및 치슬프라우 등(等) 6개(個)의 상이(相異)한 경운조건하(耕耘條件下)에서 수도(水稻)를 재배(栽培)하였다. 1. 작업능률(作業能率)은 치슬프라우가 600a/hr로 가장 높았으며 트랙터심경(深耕)>심토파쇄(深土破碎)>로타리>경운기경운(耕耘機耕耘)의 순서(順序)로 낮아졌다. 2. 물리성개선(物理性改善) 효과(效果)는 토심(土深) 20cm까지는 트랙터 심경(深耕)과 치슬프라우가 양호(良好)하였으며, 20cm이하(以下) 깊이에서는 심토파쇄(深土破碎)가 효과적(效果的)이었다. 3. 수도수량(水稻收量)은 경운기경운(耕耘機耕耘)에 비(比)하여 로타리구(區) 4% 무경운구(無耕耘區)는 11% 감수(減收)되었고, 심경구(深耕區)는 5%, 심토파쇄(深土破碎) 4%, 치슬프라우는 3% 증수(增收)되었으며 작업능률(作業能率)과 수량면(收量面)에서 종합(綜合) 고찰(考察)해보면 심경구(深耕區)가 합리적(合理的)인 경운방법(耕耘方法)으로 판단(判斷)된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.205-217
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• 2020

In this study, a deep learning-based tillage boundary detection method for autonomous tillage by a tractor was developed, which consisted of image cropping, object classification, area segmentation, and boundary detection methods. Full HD (1920 × 1080) images were obtained using a RGB camera installed on the hood of a tractor and were cropped to 112 × 112 size images to generate a dataset for training the classification model. The classification model was constructed based on convolutional neural networks, and the path boundary was detected using a probability map, which was generated by the integration of softmax outputs. The results show that the F1-score of the classification was approximately 0.91, and it had a similar performance as the deep learning-based classification task in the agriculture field. The path boundary was determined with edge detection and the Hough transform, and it was compared to the actual path boundary. The average lateral error was approximately 11.4 cm, and the average angle error was approximately 8.9°. The proposed technique can perform as well as other approaches; however, it only needs low cost memory to execute the process unlike other deep learning-based approaches. It is possible that an autonomous farm robot can be easily developed with this proposed technique using a simple hardware configuration.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.628-633
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• 2015

It is necessary to assess soil physical properties and crop growth treated by compaction to establish the soil management standard. This study evaluated the bulk density, strength and crop growth after subsoil compaction for sandy loam and loam on the field in Suwon, Korea. The treatments were compaction and deep tillage. Sandy loam and loam were classified to coarse soil and fine soil, respectively, depending on clay contents. In coarse soil, bulk density of compacted plot was 8~17% greater than control and deep tilled plot. The root growth was worse in compacted plot compared with control. In fine soil, plow pan was not observed in deep tilled plot with 5~19% smaller bulk density than compacted plot and control. Deep tillage improved the crop growth. The soil physical properties by compaction were dependent on clay content and crop growth limit depended on the traffic driving.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2003

Winter hairy vetch (HV) can be used as green manure with conventional tillage system (CT), in which chemical N fertilizer required for cultivation of sub-sequent com could be fully saved, or as cover crop with no-tillage system (NT) in which soil could be protected from erosion, control of weed, and the reduction of N fertilizer application. This experiment was carried out to compare the enrichment of soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) at corn root zone, and the changes of com growth and N uptake according to HV amounts (winter fallow, above-ground HV removed, intact HV, and HV added from aboveground HV removed) under two tillage systems in the upland field of National Crop Experiment Station, Suwon, Korea in 1996. HV cultivation during winter decreased SMN a little at com planting. HV incorporation with CT increased SMN rapidly during early growth stage according to rapid decomposition of Hv. SMN by HV cover with NT was increased slowly and its increase was higher in the surface soil (soil layer 0-7.5cm) compared to deep soil layer 7.5-22cm. Com growth and N status at corn silking stage, com yield and N uptake at harvest were increased in proportion to aboveground HV amounts regardless of tillage system. Average hairy vetch nitrogen (HV-N) uptake efficiency by com was 10% higher with CT than with NT in which average HV-N uptake efficiency was 43 %. Corn yields were not different between two tillage systems, but corn N uptake was increased by 33 kgN/ha more with CT than with NT due to the increase of corn N concentration. The increase of SMN and com N uptake from HV cover with NT could not be disregarded though those with CT were higher than with NT

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.688-695
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• 2011

우리나라 남부 이모작 논토양의 생산성향상을 위한 합리적인 관리책을 제시코자 영남지역 주요 논 토양별 경반층 생성특성 및 원인을 현지조사 중심으로 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 논 토양의 배수등급 및 토성에 따라 총 90필지의 경운실태를 조사한 결과, 경운시기는 대부분 춘경이었고 기종은 중대형 트랙터가 대종을 이루고 있었으며 경운방법은 토양 배수조건이 불량할수록 위탁경운을 하는 경향이었다. 경운깊이와 원추관입 최대저항값 출현깊이와는 고도의 상관을 보였고, 최대저항값 출현 토심은 약 27.1 cm로 조립질 토양에서 다소 깊은 경향으로 원추관입최대저항값은 2.50 Mpa으로 사질 및 사양질 토성이 3.46~3.29 Mpa로 높았고, 경반층의 강도는 세립질토양에서 뚜렷이 높았다. 경반형성 부위의 용적중은 $1.3{\sim}1.5g\;cm^{-3}$로 미사질계 토양이 낮았으며 고상율은 사양질이 미사질에 비해 높아 공극율은 낮은 경향을 보였다. 경반층 직하토층의 유기물, 유효인산, 치환성칼리 함량은 표토에 비해 매우 낮은 경향인 반면, pH와 치환성 석회 및 고토의 함량은 높은 경향이었다. 토층별 토양수분 함량과 원추관입저항값과는 관계는 표토는 부의 상관을 보인 반면 심토는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 경운여부에 따른 논토양 원추관입저항은 토심 20~23 cm에서 큰 차이를 보였고 경운답은 2.03~2.21Mpa인 반면, 무경운답은 1.18~1.25 Mpa로 낮았으며 무경 운 년수가 진행될수록 쟁기바닥층은 없어지는 반면, 토심10 cm 부위에 원추관입저항이 높은 토층이 새로 생성되었음. 따라서 남부 다모작지 논토양 견밀화 (경반화) 토층은 토심 15~20 cm 부위에서 주로 형성되었으며 농작업과 관련성이 높으며 작업 시 토양의 수분조건은 경반화에 크게 영향하며 경반이 생성된 토층의 투수력은 $0.03{\sim}0.14mL\;hr^{-1}$ 매우 낮아 양 수분의 수직이동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.140-147
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to understand the work performance of crank-type rotavators and compare them with those of rotary-type rotavators in Korean farmland conditions. Methods: Tillage operations were carried out using both rotavators with the same nominal rotavating width and rated power. During the operations, PTO speed and torque, actual work speed, and rotavating width and depth were measured. To evaluate work performance, pulverizing ratio, inversion ratio, and specific volumetric tilled soil were calculated and compared for each rotavator. Results: It is found that the crank-type rotavator has better specific volumetric tilled soil performance and deep tillage, while the pulverizing ratio is worse. Conclusions: Crank-type and rotary type rotavator have diffenent properties each other in several work performances. It's important, therefore, to choose a suitable type of rotavator that satisfy the farmer's requirements in accordance with the condition of field and the purpose of tillage operation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.355-361
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• 2008

As agricultural machinery has become larger and tillage practices have changed in recent decades, compaction as a result of wheel traffic and tillage has caused increasing concern. If strategies to manage compaction, such as deep tillage, could be applied only where needed, economic and environmental benefits would result. For such site-specific compaction management to occur, compacted areas within fields must be efficiently sensed and mapped. We previously developed an on-the-go soil strength profile sensor (SSPS) for this purpose. The SSPS measures within-field variability in soil strength at five soil depths up to 50 cm. Determining the variability structure of SSPS data is needed for site-specific field management since the variability structure determines the required intensity of data collection and is related to the delineation of compaction management zones. In this paper, soil bin data were analyzed by a spectral analysis technique to determine the variability structure of the SSPS data, and to investigate causes and implications of this variability. In the soil bin, we observed a repeating pattern due to soil fracture with an approximate 12- to 19-cm period, especially at the 10-cm depth, possibly due to cyclic development of soil fracture on this interval. These findings will facilitate interpretation of soil strength data and enhance application of the SSPS.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권2호통권57호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2007

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have been analyzed to assess vertical distribution of them with different land uses. The soils were collected from three layers; surface $(0{\sim}5cm)$, intermediate $(6{\sim}10cm)$, and deep $(11{\sim}15cm)$ layer, respectively considering land use; paddy, upland, and mountain in each site. Total 89 samples of soil from 10 sites were analyzed. Overall mean of ${\sum}PAHs$ were 137 (range $8.87{\sim}625{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$), 203 (range $16.5{\sim}645{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$), and $83.4{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ (range $6.65{\sim}667{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$) for paddy, upland, and mountain soil, respectively. The dominant PAHs were fluoroanthene/benzo(b)fluoroanthene>pyrene>indeno(1, 2, 3-cd) pyrene in paddy, fluoroanthene/pyrene>benzo(b)fluoroanthene>chrysene in upland, and benzo(b)fluoroanthene>pyrene>chrysene in mountain soil, whereas the profile was quite similar for each other except that indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene are relatively higher in the paddy soils. Although the concentration gradient by depth was not observed in the paddy and upland soils because perturbation of soil layer by tillage, significant decrease was in the deep layer relative to the surface and intermediate layer. However, the concentration gradient of PAHs by soil depth was clearly shown in mountain soil without experiencing disturbance of tillage.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.548-554
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• 2016

Optimal range of soil physical quality to enhance crop productivity or to improve environmental health is still in dispute for the upland soil. We hypothesized that the optimal range might be established by comparing soil physical parameters and their interactions inhibiting crop growth. The parameter identifying optimal range covered favorable conditions of aeration, permeability and root extension. To establish soil physical standard two experiments were conducted as follows; 1) investigating interactions of bulk density and aeration porosity in the laboratory test and 2) determining effects of soil compaction and deep & conventional tillage on physical properties and crop growth in the field test. The crops were Perilla frutescens, Zea mays L., Solanum tuberosum L. and Secale cereael. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density from the root depth, root growth and stem length were obtained. Higher bulk density showed lower aeration porosity and hydraulic conductivity, and finer texture had lower threshold bulk density at 10% aeration bulk density. Reduced crop growth by subsoil compaction was higher in silt clay loam compared to other textures. Loam soil had better physical improvement in deep rotary tillage plot. Combined with results of the present studies, the soil physical quality was possibly assessed by bulk density index. Threshold subsoil bulk density as the upper value were $1.55Mg\;m^{-3}$ in sandy loam, $1.50Mg\;m^{-3}$ in loam and $1.45Mg\;m^{-3}$ in silty clay loam for optimal soil physical quality in upland.