Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology

The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology (환경독성보건학회)
권호 표지

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Korean Soil: Distribution by Depth and Land Use

토양깊이 및 토지이용에 따른 다핵방향족탄화수소 (PAHs)의 토양 중 분포

  • Nam, Jae-Jak (Agricultural Environment Department, NIAST, RDA) ;
  • Hong, Suk-Young (Agricultural Environment Department, NIAST, RDA) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Sik (Agricultural Environment Department, NIAST, RDA) ;
  • So, Kyu-Ho (Agricultural Environment Department, NIAST, RDA) ;
  • Lee, Sang-Hak (Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University)
  • 남재작 (농업과학기술원 농업환경부) ;
  • 홍석영 (농업과학기술원 농업환경부) ;
  • 이종식 (농업과학기술원 농업환경부) ;
  • 소규호 (농업과학기술원 농업환경부) ;
  • 이상학 (경북대학교 화학과)
  • Published : 2007.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have been analyzed to assess vertical distribution of them with different land uses. The soils were collected from three layers; surface $(0{\sim}5cm)$, intermediate $(6{\sim}10cm)$, and deep $(11{\sim}15cm)$ layer, respectively considering land use; paddy, upland, and mountain in each site. Total 89 samples of soil from 10 sites were analyzed. Overall mean of ${\sum}PAHs$ were 137 (range $8.87{\sim}625{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$), 203 (range $16.5{\sim}645{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$), and $83.4{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ (range $6.65{\sim}667{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$) for paddy, upland, and mountain soil, respectively. The dominant PAHs were fluoroanthene/benzo(b)fluoroanthene>pyrene>indeno(1, 2, 3-cd) pyrene in paddy, fluoroanthene/pyrene>benzo(b)fluoroanthene>chrysene in upland, and benzo(b)fluoroanthene>pyrene>chrysene in mountain soil, whereas the profile was quite similar for each other except that indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene are relatively higher in the paddy soils. Although the concentration gradient by depth was not observed in the paddy and upland soils because perturbation of soil layer by tillage, significant decrease was in the deep layer relative to the surface and intermediate layer. However, the concentration gradient of PAHs by soil depth was clearly shown in mountain soil without experiencing disturbance of tillage.

Keywords

References

  1. Aamot E, Steinnes E and Schmid R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Norwegian forest soils:Impact of long range atmospheric transport, Environmental Pollution 1996; 92: 275-280 https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(95)00114-X
  2. Nam JJ, Song BH, Eom KC, Lee SH and Smith A. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea, Chemosphere 2003; 50: 1281-1289 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00764-6
  3. Baek SO, Field RA, Goldstone ME, Kirk PW, Lester JN and Perry R. A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources, fate and behavior, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 1991; 60: 279-300 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282628
  4. Bucheli TD, Blum F, Desaules A and Gustafsson O. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland, Chemosphere 2004; 56: 1061-1076 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.002
  5. Cornelissen G, Breedveld GD, Kalaitzidis S, Christanis K, Kibsgaard A and Oen AMP. 2006. Strong sorption of native PAHs to pyrogenic and unburned carbonaceous geosorbents in sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006; 40: 1197-1203 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0520722
  6. Cousins IT, Gevao B and Jones KC. Measuring and Modelling the Vertical Distribution of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Soils. I: PCB and PAH Soil Core Data, Chemosphere 1999; 39: 2507-2518 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00164-2
  7. Freeman DJ and Cattell FCR. Woodburning as a source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990; 24: 1581-1585 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00080a019
  8. Jacob J, Grimmer G and Hildebrandt A. Long-term decline of atmospheric and marine pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) in Germany, Chemosphere 1997; 34: 2099-2108 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00070-2
  9. Jones KC, Stratford JA, Waterhouse KS, Furlong ET, Giger W, Hites RA, Schaffner C and Johnston AE. Increases in the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of an agricultural soil over the last century, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989; 23: 95-101 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00178a012
  10. Jones KC, Sanders G, Wild SR, Burnett V and Johnston AE. Evidence for a decline of PCBs and PAHs in rural vegetation and air in the United Kingdom, Nature 1992; 356: 137-140 https://doi.org/10.1038/356137a0
  11. Karickhoff SW. 1981. Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils, Chemosphere 1981; 10: 833-846 https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(81)90083-7
  12. Katner M and Mahro B. Microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils affected by the organic matrix of compost, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1996; 44: 668-675 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00172501
  13. Knoll JE. Estimation of the limit of detection in chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1985; 23: 422-425 https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/23.9.422
  14. Krauss M, Wilcke W and Zech W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in forest soils: depth distribution as indicator of different fate, Environ. Pollut. 2000; 110: 79-88 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00280-8
  15. Lemieux PM, Lutes CC and Santoianni DA. Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2004; 30: 1-32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2003.08.001
  16. Matzner F. Annual rates of deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different forest ecosystems, Water, Air & Soil Pollution 1984; 21: 425-434 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00163642
  17. Mazzera D, Hayes T, Lowenthal D and Zielinska B. Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, Sci Total Environ 1999; 229: 65-71 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00065-0
  18. Mumtaz MM, George JD, Gold KW, Cibulas W and DeRosa CT. ATSDR evaluation of health effects of chemicals. IV. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): understanding a complex problem, Toxicol Ind Health 1996; 12: 742-971 https://doi.org/10.1177/074823379601200601
  19. Shor LM, Kosson DS, Rockne KJ, Young LY and Taghon GL. Combined effects of contaminant desorption and toxicity on risk from PAH contaminated sediments, Risk Analysis 2004; 24: 1109-1120 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00513.x
  20. Sims RC and Overcash MR. Fate of polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNAs) in soil-plant systems, Residue Rev. 1983; 8: 1-51
  21. Wilson SC and Jones KC. Bioremediation of soil contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review, Environmental Pollution 1993; 81(3): 229-249 https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90206-4
  22. Winefordner JP and Long GL. Limit of detection. A closer look at the IUPAC definition. Anal. Chem. 1983; 55: 712A-724A https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00258a001
  23. U.S. EPA. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, 3rd ed., SW-846, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1986