• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.3-29
• /
• 1990

Korean input-output tables for 1975 and 1985 are first deflated into 1975 constant domestic prices(hypothetical terms), and the constant price I-O data are used to decompose the sources of industrial growth and structural change during the 1975-85 period. Using the same methodology, our results for the 1975-85 period are then linked to the results for the earlier period(1955-75) in order to analyze and evaluate the "demand-side" sources of industrialization over the past three decades. The results from the decomposition of the whole economy indicate that over three decades(1955-85) the relative contribution of domestic demand expansion (DDE) to growth and structural change has continuously declined while the contribution of export expansion(EE) has generally continued to rise. The contribution of import-substitution(IS) which had been significantly higher than that of EE during 1955-63 declined substantially, remaining at an insignificantly low level during the period following 1963. Although it is well known that the government's industrial policy in the 1970s emphasized import-substitution in heavy and chemical industries, no significant changes in the export-oriented growth pattern could be observed even for that period, except for a minor decline in the relative contribution of EE. This may be attributed to the substantially larger, backward-linkage effects of EE than that of IS. The sources-of-growth decompositions for major branches of the manufacturing sector generally support the major conclusions derived from the decomposition for the whole economy. The IS contribution which had been significantly high in almost all manufacturing branches during the 1955-63 period declined to low levels in all but two branches, heavy industry and machinery, during the following period. On the other hand, the relative contribution of EE showed a continuous rise in almost all manufacturing branches(except food processing). Finally, the sources of growth for 1975-85 which were decomposed by detailed sub branches, are analyzed by correlating them with changes in relative prices and industrial protection rates by sub-branches for the same period. A major result is that contrary to general expectations, the EE contributions by sub-branch are not negatively correlated with the nominal rates of protection and/or the effective rates of protection for the same sub-branches. It is also found that no statistically significant, positive correlation exists between IS contributions and nominal protection rates or effective protection rates. These unexpected results may be explained by the peculiar nature of the Korean system of industrial incentives for the past period.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.172-177
• /
• 2003

Effect of glass addition on the low-temperature sintering and microwave dielectric properties of $BaTi_4O_9$-based ceramics were studied to develop the materials for the functional substrate of low-temperature co-fired ceramics. When 10 wt% of glass was added, sufficient densification was obtained and the relative density more than 98% was reached at the sintering temperature of$875{\circ}C$. The microwave dielectric properties were k=32, Q＊f=9000 GHz, ${ au}_f$=10 ppm/${\circ}C$. As the amount of glass increased, phase decompositions from $BaTi_4O_9;to;BaTi_5O_{11};and;Ba_4Ti_{13}O_{30}$ was observed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.65 no.2
• /
• pp.79-102
• /
• 2013

This study aimed at empirically analysing the double discrimination on the elderly with disabilities due to both age and disabilities in the labor market. To achieve this research goal, real employment probabilities and hourly wages of the elderly disabled(below "ED") were compared with those of the young disabled(below "YD") and those of the elderly non-disabled(below "END") to calculate empirical differentials between ED's and YD's, and ED's and END's. The differential decompositions between groups were applied by the Oaxaca(1973). The study results were as followings. First, the real gaps of the employment probabilities between ED and YD only appeared at the regular jobs and the gaps due to the characteristics between ED and YD were bigger than those due to the age discrimination. Second, on the contrary, the gaps of the hourly wages were caused by age discrimination more than characteristics between YD and ED. Third, it was not true that the elderly with disabilities take double discriminations in the labor market. It is therefore required to give the additional incentives to ED workers with government subsidies of employment promotion for the disabled provided. Second, it is proposed that the integrations the employment policies for the disabled with those for the aged because the disability as dependent valuable didn't have statistically significant effects on the employment probabilities and the hourly wage levels.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of exchange rate volatility on Trading Volume of Container of Korea, and to induce policy implication in the contex of GARCH and regression model. In order to test whether time series data is stationary and the model is fitness or not, we put in operation unit root test, cointegration test. And we apply impulse response functions and variance decomposition to the structural model to estimate dynamic short run behavior of variables. The major empirical results of the study show that the increase in exchange rate volatility exerts a significant negative effect on Trading Volume of Container in long run. The results Granger causality based on an error correction model indicate that uni-directional causality between trading volume of container and exchange rate volatility is detected. This study applies impulse response function and variance decompositions to get additional information regarding the Trading Volume of Container to shocks in exchange rate volatility. The results indicate that the impact of exchange rate volatility on Trading Volume of Container is negative and converges on a stable negative equilibrium in short-run. Th exchange rate volatility have a large impact on variance of Trading Volume of Container, the effect of exchange rate volatility is small in very short run but become larger with time. We can infer policy suggestion as follows; we must make a stable policy of exchange rate to get more Trading Volume of Container

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.57-77
• /
• 2001

The Honam region has been recognized as one of the most lagging regions in Korea. Drawing upon some decompositions oi Gross Regional Domestic Product(GRDP) per head and labor productivity, the overall trend of inequalities in Korea has been revealed and the trajectory of the Honam region's economic change has been identified by examining how the region's economic performance changed relative to that of Korea in the 1990s. There are some findings. First of all, Korea is characterized by strong divergence in the development of its region economies, in terms o\ulcorner per capita GRDP, which relies upon productivity differentials rather than differences in employment rates. Second, the Honam region has displayed poor economic performances in terms of GRDP per head except for Jeonnam. Third, the dramatic fall in cumulative population growth relative to the national average has been an important factor in the Jeonnam's overwhelming economic performance measured by per capita GRDP. Fourth, the decline in the relative productivity of the Honam region is mostly explained by falling relative regional productivity growth in construction, transport and manufacturing, although it should be noted that the latter sector has made positive contribution to raising relative regional productivity of Jeonnam. Fifth, overall the shift in employment to service sector, especially to social, personal, public, health, education, other services other than distribution, hotels, catering has tended to support relative regional productivities, along with the positive contribution being made oi agriculture, forestry and fishing to relative regional productivity growth in the Honam region.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.281-296
• /
• 2020

Repeated outcomes from the same subjects are referred to as longitudinal data. Analysis of the data requires different methods unlike cross-sectional data analysis. It is important to model the covariance matrix because the correlation between the repeated outcomes must be considered when estimating the effects of covariates on the mean response. However, the modeling of the covariance matrix is tricky because there are many parameters to be estimated, and the estimated covariance matrix should be positive definite. In this paper, we consider analysis of multivariate longitudinal data via two modeling methodologies for the covariance matrix for multivariate longitudinal data. Both methods describe serial correlations of multivariate longitudinal outcomes using a modified Cholesky decomposition. However, the two methods consider different decompositions to explain the correlation between simultaneous responses. The first method uses enhanced linear covariance models so that the covariance matrix satisfies a positive definiteness condition; in addition, and principal component analysis and maximization-minimization algorithm (MM algorithm) were used to estimate model parameters. The second method considers variance-correlation decomposition and hypersphere decomposition to model covariance matrix. Simulations are used to compare the performance of the two methodologies.

• Solar Energy
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.65-75
• /
• 1995

We have summarised some important aspects of our recent basic and applied studies in the area of photocatalytic detoxifcation with Degussa P25 titanium dioxide($TiO_2$) being the photocatalyst. Heterogeneousphotocatalytic decompositions of two components such as TCE-chloroform, TCE-phenol and TCE-benzene as well as single component organic, TCE, chloroform and $CCl_4$ were carried out to investigate the effect of additional compound on the TCE decomposition rate. In laboratory experiments, the optimum flow rate of TCE solution was $200cm^3/min$ with annular photoreactor in the presence of 0.1 wt% $TiO_2$ powder under illumination. It was observed that the second compound such as $CHCl_3$, phenol and benzene has a negative effect on the TCE decomposition rate. Result presented that TCE decomposition ratio was increased at low pH in the TCE-phenol two component solution. It could be shown that the photocatalytic reactor exhibits technical feasibility of detoxifying the multicomponent under proper experimental conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 2021

This study investigated methane productions and a degradation rate of organic matters by German standard method, VDI4630 test. In this study, 11 waste biomasses from agricultural fields were selected for the investigation. The objective of this study was to estimate a distribution of organic matters by using the Double first-order kinetics model in order to calculate the rate of biodegradable organic matters which degrade rapidly in the initial stage and the persistently biodegradable organic matters which degrade slowly later. As a result, all the biomasses applied in this study showed rapid decomposition in the initial stage. Then the decomposition rate began to slow down for a certain period and the rate became 10 times slower than the initial decomposition rate. This trend of decomposition rate changes is typical conditions of biomass decompositions. The easily degradable factors (k₁) were raged between 0.097~0.152 day^-1 from vegetable crops and persistent degradable factor (k₂) were 0.002~0.024 day^-1. Among these results, greater organic matter decomposition rates from VDI4630 had greater k₁ values (0.152, 0.144day^-1) and smaller k₁ values (0.002, 0.005day^-1) from cucumbers and paprika. In a meanwhile, radishes and tangerine rinds which had low decomposition rates showed 0.097 and 0.094 day^-1 of k₁ values and decomposition rates seems to affect k₁ values.