• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.351-362
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• 2010

This study was supposed to offer vegetation plans for functional improvement of the recreational forest by researching Mt. Chukryong which is located at Oebang-li Sudong-Myon Namyangju Kyong-gi Province in Korea. In this study, artificial vegetation and natural vegetation near trails in recreational forest were researched through biodiversity analysis. From this analysis process, a typical management improvement of the biodiversity functions were examined by reviewing functions biotope condition, vegetation structure and wild bird community condition. Typical vegetation system was divided into four detail parts: Managed artificial Pinus koraiensis forest, Not managed artificial Pinus koraiensis forest, Natural deciduous forest and Not managed deciduous forest. As a result of the vegetation structure, the numerical value of the deciduous forest species diversity was higher than that of artificial Pinus koraiensis, and the numerical value of the managed condition was higher than that of not managed condition. As a result of a habitat structure analysis of the wild bird community, managed Pinus koraiensis forests were inadequate structure for wild birds to habit in there because the forests had weak structure layers, but unmanaged deciduous forest and unmanaged Pinus koraiensis that had diverse layers was proper places for birds to in habit. Thus, based on the functional analysis of biodiversity, management patterns of the target area were concluded in two manners: conserving management and restoring management. Deciduous forest protection target areas included natural deciduous forest area and managed deciduous forest area, ecological restoration target area included unmanaged artificial Pinus koraiensis area and restoring management target area includes managed artificial Pinus koraiensis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.567-571
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in breeding bird communities between deciduous forests of Gwangneung and Mt. Namsan areas from April to August 2006. Two 10ha area were selected for territory mapping of breeding bird community in both study area. The DBH distribution of trees and average foliage profiles were significantly different between study areas. Also, breeding bird communities were different. Number of breeding species and pairs, breeding density, and bird species diversity were higher in Gwangneung area than in Mt. Namsan area. When examining relationship between forest habitat structure and bird community, Number of bird species and breeding pairs belonged to hole and canopy guild were increase as the increase of coverstory coverage and number of large trees. Therefore, it is necessary to make vertical structure more various to plant bushes, and to make DBH distribution more diverse for enhancing bird species diversity in the degraded ecosystem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.4
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• pp.681-686
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of soil biota across forest types and soil depths in Gwangneung Experimental Forest. We selected 5 sites, which are 3 deciduous- and 2 coniferous forests. The abundance of microflora in these areas was analyzed by the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) indicators, and the density of mesofauna was measured by the abundance of nematodes and microarthropods. The abundance of soil microflora was higher in the A layer than in the B layer based on the PLFA indicators, but there were no differences between deciduous and coniferous forests. Average density of nematodes was higher in the A horizon than in the B horizon. The density of fungivorous nematodes was higher in the deciduous forests. Mean densities of Collembola and Oribatida were 44% and 42% of microarthropods in soil samples, respectively. The results of microbial PLFA indicators were significantly correlated with the density of their consumers, which reflected that the food web in fungi- and bacteria-based soil developed in this forests. This study suggested that the distribution of soil organisms largely separated by soil depths and was slightly affected by the forest type in the Gwangneung Experimental Forest.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 1995

Altitudinal effects on the accumulation of O layer were examined for deciduous broad-leaved forests in the experimental forest of Kangwon National University. There found a marked increased towards the higher altitudes in the thickness of O layer. These trends could be observed conspicuously on the F2 and H layers. The relation between thickness (X, cm) and dry weight (Y, $kg/m^2$) of O layer was approximated by linear regression equations;Y($kg/m^2$ = aX(cm). The values of coefficient "a" for the F2, H and F2+H layers were 0.43, 0.61 and 0.53, respectively. Bulk densities of the accumulated organic matter estimated nearly to be $45g/dm^2$ in F2 layer, $60g/dm^2$ in H layer and $55g/dm^2$ in F2+H layer. The amount of O layer ranged from 13ton/ha for the forest at 280m in altitude to 41ton/ha for the upper forest at 710m in altitude. Among these total amount of the O layer, F1, F2 and H layer occupied to be 5~10ton/ha, 5~11ton/ha and 13~40ton/ha, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.387-396
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• 2005

Having employed the transitional probability model based on Markov chain, the study was carried out to examine successional trends for community types in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jumbong. The species composition of oncoming generation in overstory was estimated from that of mid-story, and the species composition in mid-story was based upon that of understory. Successional trend for each community was predicted from the reorganized probability matrix of tree replacement by the square of climax index, which was evaluated by the factors of light absorption, reproduction, and wood quality. As the result of analysis, following table shows the oncoming generation of steady state and dominant species in overstory and mid-story by community types. Even though Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Carpinus cordata could hardly reach the canopy layer due to the intrinsic growth form, these species were predicted to maintain high compositional ratio so as to play an important ecological role in the study forest ecosystem.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2005

The experimental study was carried out to evaluate the performance of underplanted Pinus koraiensis 2-2 seedlings in the closed canopy natural deciduous forest. Overstory density effects on seedling survival and growth were assessed 7 years after underplanting. Seedling survival rate was 80%, average height was 0.9m with minimum of 0.3m and maximum of 2.1m, and average diameter at butt end was 1.7cm with minimum of 1.4cm and maximum of 3.5cm. Compared with the growth rate of the pine plantation after clearcutting, the growth performance of underplanted pine seedlings was so poor that the height growth was less than 30% and diameter growth was less than 20%. Even though the Pinus koraiensis seedlings would be shade tolerant, the establishment and performance of underplanted Pinus koraiensis seedlings could be promoted by more than 50% of canopy regulation that provide adequate light at the forest floor and should exhibit a strong positive response following overstory removal by tending operation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.595-600
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• 2006

The plot design influences the budgets and the precision of forest inventory results. The objective of this study is to determine the efficiency of estimating forest variables such as tree density, basal area, volume, and species richness based on various plot sizes using fixed-area plot sampling in the natural deciduous forest of Pyeong-Chang County, Gang-won Province, Korea. In this study, 108 reference plots were established with a fixed plot size and shape of 0.09 ha ($30m{\times}30m$). In order to determine the optimal plot size for the interest of variables, each sample plot was established using different shapes (square, circle, and rectangle) and was divided into different plot sizes from 100 to $900m^2$. The mean relative difference (MRD) for the sum of the basal area and volume, and tree density per hectare decreased as plot size increased. But the MRD for three variables were only below 13% at the plot size of $500m^2$. Species richness for each reference stand observed ranging from 2 to 15 species, demonstrated highly positive significant relationships with plot size. The minimum plot size for the estimation of tree density, the sum of the BA and volume was determined to be about $400m^2$, whereas the estimation of species richness required a minimum plot size of $500m^2$.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2011

Based upon the vegetation data of woody plants by plot sampling method in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jeombong, the study was carried out to examine importance value, rank abundance curve, and species abundance curve, and comparatively evaluate seven different species diversity indices for Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, McIntosh index, Log series, Margalef index, Berger-Parker index, and species richness, according to topographic positions. The minimal area which meant only few more species were increased was 3.48 ha in total. The dominant species of valley were Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Abies holophylla, and the dominant species of mid-slope were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Moreover, the dominant species of ridge were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Acer mono. According to rank abundance curve and species abundance curve, species evenness was also low. All of Log series, species richness, Margalef, and Shannon-Wiener index discriminated that valley had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity; but, Simpson index, McIntosh index, and Berger-Parker index represented that mid-slope had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity. Uniquely, in Berger-Parker index, mid-slope was the higher value than total.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.875-889
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• 2021

This study compares and analyzes the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Terra MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) as coniferous, deciduous and mixed forest with Yongdam Dam upstream (904.4 km²). The hydrologic evaluation period was set to 10 years from 2010 to 2019, and the applicability of the 8-day MOD15A2 Leaf Area Index (LAI) data, 3 TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) (GB, JC, CC), and 1 Flux Tower (DU) evaporation volume (YDD) data was simulated. As a result, the R² of coniferous forest, deciduous forest and mixed forest are 0.95, 0.89, 0.90, soil moisture and evaportranspiration stations R² were analyzed at 0.50 to 0.55 and 0.51, respectively, with R² at 0.74, RMSE 2.75 mm/day, NSE 0.70 and PBIAS 14.3% for Yongdam inflow. Based on the calibrated and validated watersheds, the annual average evaportranspiration was calculated as coniferous 469.7 mm, deciduous 501. mm and 511.5 mm mixed forest, total runoff were estimated at coniferous 909.8 mm, deciduous 860.6 mm and 864.2 mm mixed forest. In the case of annual average evaportranspiration, it was evaluated that deciduous were high, but in the case of streamflow, it was evaluated that coniferous were high. Unlike other hydrologic with similar patterns throughout the year, the average annual evapotranspiration was about 7% higher than coniferous due to the higher evapotranspiration of deciduous with high leaf area index in summer and fall. In addition, deciduous were 9% and 6% higher for surface runoff and lateral flow, but the groundwater of coniferous was 77% higher. Therefore, it was confirmed that the total runoff was in order of coniferous, mixed forest, and deciduous.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.753-763
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• 2015

To identify the overall status of vegetation in the nine ridges of the Jeongmaeks located in South Korea, the types of forest vegetation were analyzed with focus on the names of the plant communities that appeared in each Jeongmaek. The vegetation investigation data for the entire mountain ranges were used for quantitative analysis (TWINSPAN, DCA), thereby classifying the plant communities and understanding the structures and characteristics of the vegetation. Upon review of the ratios of the number of plant communities by each ridge of the Jeongmaeks, a relatively larger number of communities were found to be dominated by deciduous oak trees in the Honam and Nakdong Jeongmaek. In addition, the ratios of communities where deciduous oak trees and deciduous broad-leaved trees appeared were higher in the Hannam-geumbuk, Nakdong, Honam, Geumnam-honam, Geumnam and Geumbuk Jeongmaeks. On the other hand, Naknam, Hannam, and Hanbuk Jeongmaeks were shown to have the type of forest vegetation in which the ratio of artificial forests was high. According to the results of the quantitative analysis, eight communities were grouped as follows: Celtis sinensis-Mallotus japonicus, Deciduous oak, Pinus thunbergii-P. rigida, Quercus mongolica-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-broad-leaved deciduous and Q. mongolica-P. koraiensis communities. The typical forest vegetations in the Jeongmaeks were the Q. mongolica-dominant community, the P. densiflora-dominant community, and the deciduous oak-dominant community.