• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.738-744
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• 2008

In most developing countries consumers purchase retail cuts from hot carcasses and prepare traditional meat products as per their convenience and requirements. In this study, effects of different post mortem handling practices on quality of meat curry from culled sheep meat have been studied. After slaughter, leg cuts were subjected to nine commonly prevalent handling conditions in India viz. deboning (boning out) and cooking within 2-3 h (1), deboning immediately and cooking after 5-6 h (2), deboning after 5-6 h and cooking (3), deboning immediately, storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24 h and cooking (4), chilling for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, deboning and cooking (5), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, and cooking (6), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 48 h at 4??C and cooking (7), deboning after 5-6 h, freezing and cooking (8), deboning after 5-6 h, storage for 24 h at $4^{\circ}C$, freezing and cooking (9). Significant differences were observed in pH, water-holding capacity, cooking loss and shear force values. Sensory scores were significantly higher in conditions (1), (5) and (9), and significantly lower in conditions (4) and (6). From the results, it was concluded that, to have the best quality product, meat should be cooked either immediately after slaughter or should be deboned just before cooking. Storage of deboned meat at refrigerated temperature must be avoided.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.23-23
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• 2017

Recent favor on high quality food and concern on food safety have demonstrated the superiority of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle). In general, the price of cow is higher than those of steer and bull, causing cheating issues in the market. Hence, this study is to discriminate genders of Hanwoo with identification of factors which highly influence gender discrimination based on the big-size deboning data. Totally, there were 31 variables in the deboning data, and we divided into them two categories: data obtained before and after deboning. Discriminant function analysis was then applied into the data to determined the accuracy of gender discrimination in Hanwoo. The result showed that Hanwoo could be classified by gender with 99.2% of accuracy when using all 31 variables. In detail, it was possible to identify 93 of 94 bulls (98.9%), 96 of 96 cows (100%) and 74 of 75 steers (98.7%). The most significant variables was chuck, sirloin, armbone shin, plates, retail and cuts percentage, sequentially. With variables obtainable before deboning, accuracies of classification were 91.5% for bulls, 92.7% for cows, and 89.3% for steers. The most significant variables was water, cold carcass weight and back-fat thickness. The discrimination accuracy was higher with data obtainable after deboning: bulls (98.9%), cows (99.0%) and steers (98.7%). In this case, chuck, sirloin and armbone shin were the factors determined the classification ability. This study showed that Hanwoo can be classified based on deboning data with appropriate statistics, further suggesting weight of cut of beef might be the standard for gender classification.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify a distribution pattern of meat quality grade (MQG) as a function of carcass yield index (CYI) and the gender of Hanwoo (bull, cow, and steer) to determine the optimum point between both yield and quality. We also attempted to identify how pre- and post-deboning variables affect the gender-specific beef quality of Hanwoo. Methods: A total of 31 deboning variables, consisting of 7 pre-deboning and 24 post-deboning variables from bulls (n = 139), cows (n = 69), and steers (n = 153), were obtained from the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) in South Korea. The database was reconstructed to be suitable for a statistical significance test between the CYI and the MQG as well as classification of meat quality. Discriminant function analysis was used for classifying MQG using the deboning parameters of Hanwoo by gender. Results: The means of CYI according to 1+, 1, 2, and 3 of MQG were 68.64±2.02, 68.85±1.94, 68.62±5.88, and 70.99±3.32, respectively. High carcass yield correlated with low-quality grade, while high-quality meat most frequently was obtained from steers. The classification ability of pre-deboning parameters was higher than that of post-deboning parameters. Moisture and the shear force were the common significant parameters in all discriminant functions having a classification accuracy of 80.6%, 71%, and 56.9% for the bull, cow, and steer, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides basic information for predicting the meat quality by gender using pre-deboning variables consistent with the actual grading index.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.387-394
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• 2007

To investigate the effects of deboning time and muscle type of ham on quality characteristics of cooked press ham, a total of twelve pigs(barrow, 100±5kg) were slaughtered and split in half. The left side ham of carcasses was deboned immediately after slaughter whereas the right side ham was deboned after chilling for 24 hours at 4℃. Each of two muscles(SM; Semimembranosus, BF; Biceps femoris) was used to make a press ham. The pH of hot-boning muscles was significantly(p＜0.05) higher than that of cold- boning muscles, and the pH of SM samples was significantly(p＜0.05) higher than BF samples. Hot-boning muscles showed significantly(p<0.05) longer sarcomere length compared with cold-boning muscles. There was no significant difference in myoglobin(Mb) percentage between SM and BF muscles, but SM samples of hot-boning showed significantly(p<0.05) lower L* value compared to hot-boning BF samples. The lightness(L*) of hot-boning muscles was significantly(p<0.05) lower than that of cold-boning muscles. These results suggested that the dark color of hot-boning samples might be due to not only the high muscle pH but also the long sarcomere length without difference in Mb percentage. Hardness and gumminess of hot-boning press ham were significantly(p<0.05) lower than those of cold-boning samples. These results implied that color and pH of press ham did not affected by deboning time or muscle type of ham. However data suggested that texture and panel test of press ham might be improved by using hot-boned muscle due to long sarcomere length of raw meat.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of three deboned categories of chicken thigh meat: one which was slaughtered and deboned in the same plant (fresh); one which was slaughtered, deboned, frozen, and thawed in the same plant (frozen-thawed); and the last which was slaughtered in a plant, deboned in a different plant, but then transferred to the original plant (fresh-outside). Surface color, drip loss, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value, sensory evaluation, and total aerobic bacterial counts of the chicken samples were determined. Moreover, the torrymeter was used to measure the differences in freshness of the chicken meat. The surface color and the TBARS values did not show significant differences among the three categories. However, the total aerobic bacterial counts of fresh-outside and frozen-thawed chicken meat were significantly higher than the fresh chicken meat on the first storage day, and the drip loss of frozen-thawed chicken meat was significantly higher than the fresh-outside and fresh chicken meat. In addition, the sensory evaluation of frozen-thawed chicken meat was significantly lower than the fresh-outside and fresh chicken meat. Torrymeter values were higher in fresh chicken meat than fresh-outside and frozen-thawed chicken meat during the storage period. These results indicate that the quality of frozen-thawed chicken meat is comparatively lower than the fresh chicken meat, and the torrymeter values can accurately differentiate the fresh-outside and frozen-thawed chicken meat from the fresh ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.668-674
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• 1998

Physico-chemical qualities of pyunyuk depending on the cooking time were evaluated to produce high quality and to reduce labor and processing time. Pork headmeat divided into two parts was cooked for 1~4hrs, trimmed and pressed with 110kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$(gauge pressure) for 3.5hrs at 1$0^{\circ}C$. The contents of general nutrients, yield, texture, color, fatty acid composition, gel structure, and sensory evaluation were observed. Deboning time was very dependent on cooking time. Optimum cooking time observed in this study was 2~2.5hrs for efficiency of deboning and yield. Excess cooking time resulted in low yield and working efficiency. Yield variation depending on the cooking time was 14.3~26.0% and it was reduced by increasing the cooking time. The content of moisture was 53.5~54.8% which was not significantly different by cooking time. The content of crude fat was 14.2~26.0% which was decreased by increasing the cooking time. The contents of crude protein(21.1~26.3%) and mineral(1.4~2.7%) were increased by increasing the cooking time. The color of pyunyuk was significantly different by cooking time(p<0.05). In the texture, hardness and chewiness of the pyunyuk cooked for 2hrs were significantly higher than others processed in this study(p<0.05). However cohesiveness and springiness were not different among pyunyuks. With sensory evaluation, hardness was similar among the pyunyuks cooked over 2hrs. The pyunyuk cooked for 1hr showed higher value in juiciness than the pyunyuk cooked for 3~4hrs(p<0.05). The % of saturated fatty acids was decreased by increasing the cooking time, and gel structure of pyunyuk cooked for 2hrs was the most compact among treaments. In conclusion, 2hrs was proper as a cooking time concerned with working efficiency and physico-chemical quality of pyunpyk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.145-152
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• 1999

To explore the possibility of using freeze dried loach for instant choo o tang(Korean traditional loach soup), protein qualities and fatty acid composition were evaluated on boiled and steamed loach. Total lipid and ash content were lowered in both heated(boiled and steamed) loaches due to deboning and eviscerating during cooked meat preparation. Profiles of total amino acids were not changed seriously by the type of cooking, but the amount of essential amino acids were comparable in all samples. Two times more free amino acids were quantified in cooked samples compared to raw meat. Available lysine was marginally decreased by cooking, and that caused some measurable change in typsin indigestible substrate(TI) in streamed whole loach. In vitro protein digestibility of the heated loaches was not altered drastically and the protein quality determined as computed protein efficiency ratio(C PER) was similar for the raw, boiled and steamed loach. The ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids changed measurably in heated whole loach. The results shows that heating caused apparent oxidative deterioration of the polyunsaturated fatty acids.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.73-88
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• 2015

Following previous studies, the current paper describes the results of an experimental program concerning the repair of reinforced concrete columns by thixotropic pseudo plastic mortar, preformed to analyze and quantify the influence of initial construction damage to the behavior of the repaired element. Five columns (section scale 1:2) were designed according to the minimum requirements of reinforcement of ductility orientated codes' design with variables the percentages of initial construction damages. All were tested in axial compression with repeated cycles up to failure. For comparison reasons, another one of the same characteristics, yet healthy, was constructed and tested as a reference specimen. A numerical study (Finite Element Analysis) was conducted for further investigation of the behavior of the thixotropic mortar as repair material. The results indicate that: a) surpassing a specific amount of damage, columns even suitably repaired present lower strain capacity, b) finite element analysis present the same way of deboning of the repaired material taking into consideration the buckling of the reinforcement bars.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.300-308
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• 2021

Usually, during slaughter, the meat is divided into large chunks by part after deboning. The meat chunks are inspected for the presence of needles with an X-ray scanner. Although needles in the meat chunks are easily detectable, they can also be found in trimmings and meat offals, where meat skins, fat chunks, and pieces of meat from different parts get agglomerated. Detection of needles in trimmings and meat offals becomes challenging because of many needle-like patterns that are detected by the X-ray scanner. This problem can be solved by learning the trimmings or meat offals using deep learning. However, it is not easy to collect a large number of learning patterns in trimmings or meat offals. In this study, we demonstrate the use of deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) to create fake images of trimmings or meat offals and train them using a convolution neural network (CNN).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.740-746
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• 2009

Rusa deer are the only viable commercial tropical deer species for farming in the tropics because of their hardiness, adaptability and prolific characteristics. Twelve entire rusa stags were slaughtered according to halal procedure and used for carcass evaluation and cutability studies. Three carcass categories; large (46 to 55 kg), medium (36 to 45 kg) and small (25 to 35 kg) were developed for rusa stags. This study indicated that entire Moluccan rusa deer stags with mean live weight ranges from 50 to 80 kg and age groups of 15 to 29 months showed dressing percentage of 58 to 62%. Carcass conformation of rusa stags showed significantly (p<0.05) higher forequarters portion than hindquarters for medium (mean weight, 40.8 kg) and large (mean weight, 50.0 kg) carcass categories. The large carcass category was significantly (p<0.05) bigger in hindquarters portion (47.3% vs. 45.4%) than the medium carcass category. This study showed that medium and large carcass categories are more suitable for boneless cuts since the muscles were larger than small carcasses and easy for deboning. Stag carcasses showed higher proportion of the musculature in the high-priced areas of the carcass such as in round cuts. Bone-in cuts are more suitable for small carcasses since the muscles were smaller and difficult to debone (mean weight, 30.5 kg). About 90% of total deer carcasses in the small carcass category were developed into retail bone-in cuts (excluding 9.9% of breast, shank and trimming). The carcass characteristics and cutability information derived from this study can be used as a basis for a venison marketing strategy for deer farming and production in the tropics.