• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.4591-4594
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• 2013

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Malaysian women. Other than hospital-based results, there are no documented population-based survival rates of Malaysian women for breast cancers. This populationbased retrospective cohort study was therefore conducted. Data were obtained from Health Informatics Centre, Ministry of Health Malaysia, National Cancer Registry and National Registration Department for the period from $1^{st}$ January 2000 to $31^{st}$ December 2005. Cases were captured by ICD-10 and linked to death certificates to identify the status. Only complete data were analysed. Survival time was calculated from the estimated date of diagnosis to the date of death or date of loss to follow-up. Observed survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method using SPSS Statistical Software version 17. A total of 10,230 complete data sets were analysed. The mean age at diagnosis was 50.6 years old. The overall 5-year survival rate was 49% with median survival time of 68.1 months. Indian women had a higher survival rate of 54% compared to Chinese women (49%) and Malays (45%). The overall 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patient among Malaysian women was still low for the cohort of 2000 to 2005 as compared to survival rates in developed nations. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the strategies for early detection and intervention.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.2213-2218
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• 2012

Introduction: Worldwide, breast cancer is the commonest cause of cancer death in women. However, the survival rate varies across regions at averages of 73%and 57% in the developed and developing countries, respectively. Objective: This study aimed to determine the survival rate of breast cancer among the women of Malaysia and characteristics of the survivors. Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on secondary data obtained from the Breast Cancer Registry and medical records of breast cancer patients admitted to Hospital Kuala Lumpur from 2005 to 2009. Survival data were validated with National Birth and Death Registry. Statistical analysis applied logistic regression, the Cox proportional hazard model, the Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test. Results: A total of 868 women were diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2005 and December 2009, comprising 58%, 25% and 17% Malays, Chinese and Indians, respectively. The overall survival rate was 43.5% (CI 0.573-0.597), with Chinese, Indians and Malays having 5 year survival rates of 48.2% (CI 0.444-0.520), 47.2% (CI 0.432-0.512) and 39.7% (CI 0.373-0.421), respectively (p<0.05). The survival rate was lower as the stages increased, with the late stages were mostly seen among the Malays (46%), followed by Chinese (36%) and Indians (34%). Size of tumor>3.0cm; lymph node involvement, ERPR, and HER 2 status, delayed presentation and involvement of both breasts were among other factors that were associated with poor survival. Conclusions: The overall survival rate of Malaysian women with breast cancer was lower than the western figures with Malays having the lowest because they presented at late stage, after a long duration of symptoms, had larger tumor size, and had more lymph nodes affected. There is an urgent need to conduct studies on why there is delay in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer women in Malaysia.

• 한국인구학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.22-32
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• 1988

This study was conducted in order to compare the sequential changes of marital partnership and average marital life expectancy in Korea using Korean marriage life table for 1970, 1980, and 1985. The marriage life table was constructed by the Wolfbein-Wool method of constructing a working life table. Data used in this study was obtained from the Population Census Reports of Korea and the Korean Abridged life Tables. Some of the finding may be summarized as follows : 1. The marital partnership findings showed that males in the 40-44 age group in 1970 and in 1980 and those in the 45-49 bracket in 1985 have the highest rates of any other age interval, the percentages were 97.5% 97.3% and 96.9% respectively. The highest marital partnership rates for females were those aged 30-34 in 1970 and in 1980 and 35-39 in 1985:these were 94.6% 94.3% and 93.30% respectively. 2. The marital rate of the youngest age group has decreased due to the increasing amount of people marrying at older ages. On the other hand, the marital rates of the elderly has increased slightly due to the decreasing mortality rate. 3. The enterance rate of marriage at the 15-19 female age group ad the 20-24 male age group has decreased. 4. The secession rate of marriage has gradually decreased due to the decrease in the mortality rate. The main reason of secession for males is his own death. For females, the main reasons are divorce and the death of her spouse. 5. Korean average marital life expectancy has improved in general. In 1985 the average marital life expectancy for males was higher by 4-5 years than for females. The average difference of marital expectancy and life expectancy is about 1.4 - 1.5 years for males and about 11-14 years at the age groups below 60 years for females.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.148-152
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• 1994

We have experienced 21 cases of traumatic diaphragm injury between October, 1989 and September, 1993. Of these patients, 17 cases were caused by blunt trauma and 4 by penetrating injury. Among 17 blunt traumas, 10 cases developed at left side, 6 at right and 1 at central subpericardial diaphragm, and among penetrating injuries, 3 cases developed at right side and 1 at left. Overall mortality rate was 21% and one due to blunt trauma was 29%. Initial hypotension was a predisposing factor to presume future death. When associated injuries involved 4 or more organs, mortality rate was high.

• 한국인구학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.47-76
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• 1996

이 논문은 인구자질정책을 전개하는 데 필요한 기초적인 정보를 제공하기 위하여 실시된 임신추적조사의 결과이다. 경기도 가평군 전지역을 대상으로 1993년 11월 3일부터 1995년 12월 31일까지 유배우 여성이 경험한 모든 임신을 추적조사하여 임신경과와 그 결과를 관찰하였다. 조사기간중 782건의 임신이 관찰되었는데, 이중 642건은 최종 임신종결 형태가 확인되었으며 140건은 전출 및 조사종료에 따라 관찰이 중단되었다. 본 연구에서는 임신추적조사 자료로 태생기 생명표를 작성하여 그 생명현상을 분석하였다. 태생기 생명표에 따른 임신종결확률은 출생률 53.5%, 태아사망률 14.5%, 인공유산율 32.0%로 전임신기간을 통해서 46.5%의 임신손모가 있었으며, 태아주령에 따른 임신종결확률의 곡선모양은 인공유산율과 태아사망률 모두 L형을 나타내었다. 한편 인위적으로 임신을 중단시키는 인공유산을 제외했을 경우의 태아사망확률은 21.9%였다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면 임신 초기에 태아사망이나 인공유산과 같은 임신손모에 의해 태생기의 생명이 상당히 손실되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 임신손모를 방지하기 위한 대책이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• 제52권8호
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• pp.593-603
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• 2022

Background and Objectives: In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), females taking vitamin K antagonist are at higher risk of stroke or systemic embolism (SSE), bleeding and all-cause death than males. This study investigated the relationship between sex and adverse clinical events in a contemporary AF patient cohort taking anticoagulation. Methods: This prospective multicenter AF registry study comprised 6,067 patients with AF (mean age, 70±9 years; men, 59%) with intermediate to high risk of stroke (CHA₂DS₂-VAscore ≥1) and receiving oral anticoagulation therapy. Adverse clinical outcomes, including SSE, bleeding, death were evaluated in patients stratified by sex and anticoagulation patterns. Results: Women were older and used more direct oral anticoagulants (85% vs. 78%, p<0.001) than men. During a median (25^th and 75^th percentiles) follow-up of 30 (24, 38) months, the incidence rate and risk of SSE (0.7 in women vs. 0.7 in men per 100 person-years) and major bleeding (0.1 in women vs. 0.1 in men per 100 person-years) were not different between the sexes. However, women had a lower all-cause death rate (0.4 in women vs. 0.6 in men per 100 person-years, hazard ratio: 0.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.91, p=0.025) than men. Conclusions: In contemporary anticoagulation for AF, SSE and major bleeding risks did not differ between sexes. However, women showed a lower risk of all-cause death rate than men, indicating that the use of oral anticoagulants for treating AF in females does not appear to be a risk factor for adverse clinical events.

• 한국인구학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-30
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• 2003

이 연구는 거주지역의 생태학적 환경과 사회경제적 요인이 사망력 수준에 미치는 영향력을 확인하고 그 변화 추이를 파악하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 1990년, 1995년, 2000년 세 시점의 인구센서스 자료와 동태통계 원자료, 그리고 각 시$.$군별 통계자료를 활용하였다. 사망력의 지표로는 조사망률, 표준화사망률과 장수비율을 사용하였다. 이 논문은 우선 GIS를 이용하여 세 시점의 시$.$군별 사망률 지도와 장수 지도를 제시하였다. 그리고 거주지역의 생태학적 환경과 사회경제적 요인들이 사망력의 지표들에 미치는 영향력에 대한 일반화된 설명을 위해 분산분석과 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 이 연구에서 사망률 지도와 장수 지도를 비교한 결과. 전라남도 남서해안지역에서 조사망률, 표준화사망률과 장수비율이 모두 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 반면 수도권과 부산권역에서는 사망력의 세 지표가 모두 낮게 나타났다. 표준화사망률과 장수비율의 지역별 편차는 1990년 이후 점차 줄어드는 추세를 보인다. 또한 표준화사망률과 장수비율 간에는 의미 있는 선형관계가 나타나지 않았으며, 그 인과구조가 서로 다른 것으로 확인되었다. 사망력의 지역별 편차를 분석한 결과, 산간과 농촌이라는 입지조건을 지닌 시$.$군들의 조사망률과 표준화사망률이 대체로 높으며, 해안과 농촌지역에서는 장수비율이 높아지는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이러한 분석결과는 교육, 소득, 혼인상태, 의료수준, 보건수준 등 사회 경제적 요인들의 영향력을 통제하는 과정에서 대체로 약화되는 것으로 드러났다. 이는 특히 표준화사망률의 경우에 그러하였다. 거주지역의 입지조건에 따른 사망력 수준의 편차는 사회경제적인 요인은 물론 지난 40여 년간의 인구이동으로 인한 인구연령구조의 차이와도 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-28
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 한라산 사방향에 분포하는 구상나무 자생지 중 9개 조사구에 대하여 구상나무를 생목과 사목으로 구분하여 도면화하고, 그 밀도와 고사율을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 구상나무는 조사구 내의 위치에 따라 밀도 및 고사율에 있어 상당한 불균질성을 보였다. 이는 위치에 따라 변화하는 특정 인자가 구상나무 고사를 발생시킬 것이라는 추정을 가능케 한다. 본 연구에서는 구상나무 밀도 및 고사율을 토대로 고도, 지형경사, 수계망, 일사량과 경사향 등의 지형적 요인과 구상나무 고사현상과의 관련성을 살펴보았다. 구상나무는 고도가 증가함에 따라 밀도가 증가하였으며, 고사율 또한 증가하였다. 지형경사와 고사율 사이에는 음의 상관관계가 인지되었으며, 수계망이 미약하게 발달한 완만한 곳에서 고사율이 높게 나타났다. 그리고 경사향에 따라 고사율이 크게 변화하는 것이 인지되었으며, 생목이 우세한 영역이 사목이 우세한 영역에 비해 평균 일사량이 많게 나타났다. 전반적으로 한라산 구상나무는 상대적으로 지형경사가 완만하고, 일사량이 적은 곳에서 많이 고사하는 것으로 나타났다. 지형경사가 완만할수록 상대적으로 토양수분 함량이 많고, 일사량이 적을수록 증발량이 적어져 토양수분 함량이 많다는 기존 연구결과를 고려하면, 토양수분 과다가 한라산 구상나무 고사의 원인으로 추정된다. 이는 근래의 한반도 및 제주 지역에서 나타나는 강수량 증가, 증발량 감소, 일조시간 감소 등의 일련의 기후변화 현상, 한라산 고도 증가에 따른 강수량 증가와 함께 나타나는 고사율 증가현상, 한라산 아고산지대에서의 식생변화 등의 증거들에 의해 뒷받침된다. 이번 연구에서 고도 및 지역에 따라 인지되는 구상나무 밀도와 고사율의 변화양상은 향후 구상나무 쇠퇴현상에 대한 수치 모델링 연구에 있어 공간변수로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 뿐만 아니라, 정사항공영상을 활용하는 개체단위의 수목분포 조사 방법은 향후 장기적 식생변화 연구에 있어 수치적 모니터링 기법으로 널리 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.143-154
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was to find efficacy of integrin alpha2 (${\alpha}_2$) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as tumor marker of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and clarify the selective cell death effect of anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$ and anti-EGFR on SCC cells, additionally testify conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNP) with air plasma for selective cell death of oral SCC. Methods: Expression of integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR on human SCC cells (SCC25) were examined by western blot. SCC25 cells were treated with anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR and analysed by Hemacolor staining, immunoflorescence staining, FACS flow cytometry. Conjugated GNP with integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR antibody were treated by air plasma on SCC cells. Results: Integrin ${\alpha}_2$ and EGFR were over-expressed on SCC25 cells than normal lung WI-38 cells. The cell viability rate of SCC25 cells treated with anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR was lower than WI-38 cells. The concentration changes of nucleus, releasing cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to cytosol were observed. The changes of proteins related with apoptosis were observed. Increase of bax, bcl-xL, activation of caspase-3, -7, -9, and fragmentation of PARP, DFF45 and decrease of lamin A/C in SCC25 cells were observed. In FACS, increase of sub-$G_1$ and S phase was observed. Cell cycle related proteins, Such as cyclin D1, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4, cyclin A, cyclin E, CDK 2, p27 were decreased. After SCC25 cells treated with conjugatged GNP-Integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-EGFR, additionally air plasma, the cell death rate was significantly increased. Conclusion: Integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR were over-expressed in oral SCC cells. Anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR in SCC25 cells induced apoptosis selectively. When GNP-anti integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-anti EGFR were treated with air plasma on SCC25 cells, cancer cells were died more selectively. GNP-anti integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-anti EGFR with air plasma could be treatment choice of oral SCC.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 2002년도 제54차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.498-499
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• 2002