• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.536-549
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate food intake, dietary diversity and dietary pattern during the summer in middle aged and older adults living in Gugoksundam (Gurye, Goksung, Sunchang and Damyang counties), Jeonla Province located in southern part of Korea and known as one of the representative Korean longevity areas. Food intake and dietary diversity were assessed by using the data from 2 day-24 hour recall of 1,051 subjects (394 males and 711 females) aged 45 years and older (45-93 years in male, 45-105 years in female). The average ages of males and females were 70.7 years and 71.1 years, respectively. Average total daily food intake was significantly decreased with aging in both genders, and the average animal food intake ratio to total food intake was ranged 10~14% in 3 different age groups, 45~64 years, 65~74 years and 75 years and older. The contribution of each food group, in weight, to total food intake showed the descending order of grains, fruits, vegetables and alcohols in males, and grains, fruits, potatoes and meats in females. On daily intake amount of each food item, rice, watermelon, soju, kimchi, and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in males, and rice, watermelon, potato, kimchi and ylmukimchi in females. On intake frequency, rice, kimchi, onion, green pepper and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in both genders. Dietary variety score (DVS) and dietary diversity score (DDS) for the assessment of dietary diversity and balance were significantly decreased with aging in both genders. In food group intake pattern (DMGFV), 01101 type without consumption of dairy and fruits was the most prevalent, and only 3.6% of male and 3.9% of female subjects showed 11111 type, consumed all the 5 food groups a day. Dietary pattern of subjects was analyzed by cluster analysis with 18 food groups intake. Overall dietary pattern was classified into two clusters, one was more desirable and the other was less desirable. The percentage of subjects with more desirable dietary pattern was about 15% in male and 32% in female. In conclusion, most of our subjects living in Gugoksundam area were taking very simple diet with low amount of dairy products and fruits. These results indicate that nutrition intervention and education for older people living in rural areas should be focused on various food intake including dairy products and fruits.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.289-309
• /
• 2013

Social enterprise has moved from periphery to take center stage. Social enterprises are a truly global phenomenon and associated with solving social problems with business approaches. While the numbers of social enterprises have grown and their impact is likely to continue to do so, it would be dangerous to assume that the revolutionary momentum will automatically continue, because social enterprise faced sustainability challenges. This study collected the data from directory of Korean Social Enterprise to conduct a quantitative research on the growth of social enterprise in South Korea. This study conducted longitudinal analysis of 491 social enterprise certified between 2007 and 2010, of economic performance with financial index and social impact with employment structure. Though global financial crisis, Korean social enterprises show that there is a considerable increase in all of quantitative and qualitative aspects. Korean social enterprises have provided meaningful work to those normally excluded from the labour market and tried to raise their life of working. In the future, Korean social enterprises should find a way to balance social and financial performance and ensure the sustainability of the business.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 1976

In recent years, explosive increase in population has been damaging mankind in terms of deprivation of natural resources and more of economical demands. Therefore, we have thought about problems as to counter-balance the increasing population, and reached a resolution of artificial methods of controlling birth. In the past, though now used in some of contraceptive methods, extravaginal ejaculation, condom were commonly used. But recently, pills, IUD and several kinds of operative procedures are quite popular. Though the recent methods are known to be effective compared with the traditional methods, a certain unwanted side effects as well as limited value of usages now must be discussed. On this aspect, we are trying to research for a ideal methods such as symptom free, more of natural way of family planning and try to zero the failure rate. And also it has been suggested that only if those scientific methods of controlling birth can be base on religious concepts of moral being, it will be enlightened. At the Happy Family Planning Clinic of St. Mary's Hospital, we apply Billing's ovulation method to out-patients who want contraception and usually advise them to use it on a self-care basis. For a retrospective study of the presurvey data analysis and use-effectiveness of the ovulation method from April 1, 1975 to Nov., 30, 1975, we have dealt with a total of 1,383 women (urban areas 465, rural areas 918). The results of preliminary survey were as follows; 1) Among 465 women in Seoul areas, the failure rate was 10.3, which signified unplanned pregnancies of 32 women. 27 of the 32 women were pregnant due to the users own failure and the remaing 5 due to the failure of the method. Therefore, the failure of the method accounted for 1.6. 2) Among 918 women in rural areas, the failure rate was 15.2 signifing unplanned pregnancies in 93 women. The cause of the failure in 81 of the 93 women was attributable to the user's own mistake and that in the remaing 12 to the default of the method. Therefore, the failure attributable to the method accounted for 2.0.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.243-249
• /
• 2008

Continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR) model which can be applied to control and management of the surface flow wetland is developed to simulate the water quality in this research. The model solution is obtained from the optimization model using the least-squares and 4th-order Runge-Kutta methods. The model is applied to simulate BOD and TSS in the wetland database of U.S. EPA, in which the hydraulic and water quality data are enough and the number of pond is just one for simple analysis of running results. The model is tested in two different cases, one constant volume case and another constant volume and flow rate case considering only reaction term, mass flux term and both reaction and mass flux terms respectively. It is found that the model simulates the real water quality very well with both reaction and mass flux terms rather than only reaction term and the settling velocity of TSS becomes $0.3{\sim}0.4\;m/d$. The model can be applied in wetlands treatment efficiently.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.53 no.9
• /
• pp.691-699
• /
• 2020

South Korea's available water resources per capita is very small compared to global average as there is a high population on small land. Thus, it is imperative to secure water resources for the safe livelihood of the citizens. As an advanced, industrialized country, South Korean economic dependence on agricultural has greatly lowered. Unless South Korea utilizes foreign water resources, it is impossible to provide agricultural and livestock products the same as current levels. However, virtual water-related research in South Korea is still inadequate. When establishing the water resources plan, it does not consider the international trade of virtual water. This research aims to solve this issue by analyzing the international virtual water trends focusing on South Korea. Consequently, the export and import of virtual water trade was identified according to country and item for 248 countries and South Korea. According to the results, South Korea's agricultural and livestock virtual water has much higher imports than exports, which outputs with agricultural by-products being the main import. In 2018, South Korea imported 72.2 billion ㎥, which is 29 times the exported amount of 2.5 billion ㎥. The research results can be used as baseline data for establishing the national water resources plan in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.914-929
• /
• 2007

This study analyzes the accessibility patterns for commuting trips in Seoul Metropolitan Area using National Census Data between 1990 and 2000. the results show that the accessibility increased between 1990 and 1995, while it decreased between 1995 and 2000, due to the raised commuting time. Seoul, Kangju, Yeuju, Yangpyoung, Gapyoung show relatively high accessibility. The GINI parameters tell that the regional balance for commuting accessibility were worsen between 1990 and 1995, compared to that between 1995 and 2000. The accessibility patterns for commuting to Seoul were also analyzed and the result shows that the accessibility reduced between 1995 and 2000. Kwachun, Kwangju, Sungnum are found to have very high accessibility to Seoul, which is close to Soeoul with high percentage of incoming commuting trips. These results indicate that even continuous transport infrastructure supplies were not enough to solve the congestion problems for commuting trips in Seoul Metropolitan Area because of the induced traffic and traffic congestion.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the fall risk factors. Method: The subjects were 87 persons who were older than 65 years living at 28 nursing home in Seoul and Gyunggi province. Subjects were interviewed using RAFS II for intrinsic factor and the environmental factor were assessed using a structured questionnaire from Oct. to Dec. in 2004. The data were analyzed by SPSS(ver. 12.0) programs, using descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, and t-test. Result: The 37.9% of the subjects experienced the fall, and its average number is $1.94\pm1.75$. The Women's experience of the fall was higher than that of the men, but it was no significant difference with gender. There was no significant difference with the age and duration of living. The mean of the intrinsic risk factor was 13.38 in total score 39 points marks on the RAFS II scales. The intrinsic risk factor score of the fallen group 15.71 was significantly higher than the non-fallen group 12.10. The variables of recent fall experience(t=4.72, p=0.000) and urinary dysfunction(t=2.64, p=0.010) was significantly higher than the non-fallen group. The highest variable of the intrinsic factor was the age and the variables of drug intake, balance, chronic disease, recent fall experience, urinary dysfunction were followed in order. The mean of the environmental risk factor was 0.24 points. No significant differences were shown in environmental risk factor between the fallen and the non-fallen groups. To the fallen group, the place of entrance was the highest risky environmental factor. To see in area dimension, the floor surfaces was the highest risky environmental factor and equipment and illumination factor was the following risky elements in order. In the total score of environmental risk factors based on the ares, the fallen group was 0.26 and the non-fallen group was 0.24, but there were no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: This results suggested that visual protection strategy, set up the safety device in the place of entrance and inner stairway, bathroom and nonskid mat in the nursing home would be contribute to the prevention of the fall for the elderly.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.474-484
• /
• 2016

This study was performed to identify the effects of the improvement of brain function by CST on the elderly with the 2nd or 3rd grade of long-term care insurance service. A quasi-experimental design using a nonequivalent control group, pre-post test was used. A total of 12 elders (6 in the experimental group and 6 in the control group) were recruited. Upledger CST(10-Step Protocol) was performed on each subject for 50 minutes per session, once a week, for a total of 8 treatments over an 8 week period from Jan to Feb 2015. The brain function quotient was measured before the 1st CST and after the last CST by portable EEG measurement device using a 2 Channel neuro-feedback system. The data was analyzed by SPSS (Ver. 18.0) program. After CST intervention, the attention quotient (AQ), level of tension, anti-stress quotient (ASQ), emotion quotient (EQ) and brain quotient (BQ) of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group. These results showed that the CST was effective in reducing the level of fatigue by the AQ, increasing the physical and psychological stress relief by the ASQ, emotional balance by the EQ, and improving the total brain function by the BQ. Therefore, CST can be used as an effective intervention for improving the health and brain function of the elderly in health facilities.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.114-122
• /
• 2015

In the high convective gas flow condition, irregular shaped water waves from which droplet entrainment occurs are generated under horizontally stratified two-phase flow condition. KAERI proposed a new mechanistic droplet entrainment model based on the momentum balance equation consisting of the shear stress, surface tension, and gravity forces. However, this model requires correlation or experimental data of several physical parameters related to the wave characteristics. In the present study, we tried to measure the physical parameters such as wave slope, wave hypotenuse length, wave velocity, wave frequency, and wavelength experimentally. For this, an experiment was conducted in the horizontal rectangular channel of which width, height, and length are, respectively, 40 mm, 50 mm, and 4.2 m. In the present test, the working fluids are chosen as air and water. The PIV technique was applied not only to obtain images for phase interface waves but also to measure the velocity field of the water flow. Additionally, we developed the parallel wire conductance probe for the confirmation of wave height from PIV image. Finally, we measured the physical parameters to be used in the validation of new droplet entrainment model.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.215-234
• /
• 2002

Groundwater Dam is one of the reliable techniques to get huge amount of groundwater abstraction for municipal, agricultural, drinking, industrial water supply system. It can be a major technique to solve water shortage problems when it based on the sufficient watershed, proper topology, and adequate aquifer distribution and pollution control, Groundwater Dam had initiated its construction by RDC(former KARICO) in early eighties in Korea and 4 of it in total were added more until late eighty. However, this technique has shrunken its application due to gradually decreased yield rate after sever years of construction. After we studied several existing sites precisely, we concluded that the main reason of decreasing yield rate was come form engineering roughness on construction in early nineties. Theoretically, the technique itself seemed to be little detectives however, there were a little application in the fields in Korea. With the recent advance in engineering fields, those defects in construction would be no longer obstacle to construct underground wall and the technique could be a one of major ground water production technique in the future. It is essential to study following items thoroughly before select the appropriate site. The topography and the site of the underground wall, aquifer distribution, the specific technique for wall construction to block groundwater flow effectively and strict quality control during construction are critical. The surface and ground water monitoring data should be collected. Sustainability of the Groundwater Dam with huge groundwater abstraction in long term should be based on the long-term water balance analysis for each site. The water quality, environmental effect analysis and maintenance achedule should be also analyzed and planned in prior. It is suggested that the two consecutive underground wall in the coastal area to prevent seawater intrusion beneath a single wall.