• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.12 s.269
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• pp.879-890
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• 2006

Background: The dysfunction of multiple organs is found to be caused by reactive oxygen species as a major modulator of microvascular injury after hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock, one of many causes inducing acute lung injury, is associated with increase in alveolocapillary permeability and characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and hemorrhage in the interstitial and alveolar space. Aggressive and rapid fluid resuscitation potentially might increased the risk of pulmonary dysfunction by the interstitial edema. Therefore, in order to improve the pulmonary dysfunction induced by hemorrhagic shock, the present study was attempted to investigate how to reduce the inflammatory responses and edema in lung. Material and Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weight 300 to 350 gm were anesthetized with ketamine(7 mg/kg) intramuscular Hemorrhagic Shock(HS) was induced by withdrawal of 3 mL/100 g over 10 min. through right jugular vein. Mean arterial pressure was then maintained at $35{\sim}40$ mmHg by further blood withdrawal. At 60 min. after HS, the shed blood and Ringer's solution or 5% albumin was infused to restore mean carotid arterial pressure over 80 mmHg. Rats were divided into three groups according to rectal temperature level($37^{\circ}C$[normothermia] vs $33^{\circ}C$[mild hypothermia]) and resuscitation fluid(lactate Ringer's solution vs 5% albumin solution). Group I consisted of rats with the normothermia and lactate Ringer's solution infusion. Group II consisted of rats with the systemic hypothermia and lactate Ringer's solution infusion. Group III consisted of rats with the systemic hypothermia and 5% albumin solution infusion. Hemodynamic parameters(heart rate, mean carotid arterial pressure), metabolism, and pulmonary tissue damage were observed for 4 hours. Result: In all experimental groups including 6 rats in group I, totally 26 rats were alive in 3rd stage. However, bleeding volume of group I in first stage was $3.2{\pm}0.5$ mL/100 g less than those of group II($3.9{\pm}0.8$ mL/100 g) and group III($4.1{\pm}0.7$ mL/100 g). Fluid volume infused in 2nd stage was $28.6{\pm}6.0$ mL(group I), $20.6{\pm}4.0$ mL(group II) and $14.7{\pm}2.7$ mL(group III), retrospectively in which there was statistically a significance between all groups(p<0.05). Plasma potassium level was markedly elevated in comparison with other groups(II and III), whereas glucose level was obviously reduced in 2nd stage of group I. Level of interleukine-8 in group I was obviously higher than that of group II or III(p<0.05). They were $1.834{\pm}437$ pg/mL(group I), $1,006{\pm}532$ pg/mL(group II), and $764{\pm}302$ pg/mL(group III), retrospectively. In histologic score, the score of group III($1.6{\pm}0.6$) was significantly lower than that of group I($2.8{\pm}1.2$)(p<0.05). Conclusion: In pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock model, it is suggested that hypothermia might inhibit the direct damage of ischemic tissue through reduction of basic metabolic rate in shock state compared to normothermia. It seems that hypothermia should be benefit to recovery pulmonary function by reducing replaced fluid volume, inhibiting anti-inflammatory agent(IL-8) and leukocyte infiltration in state of ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, if is considered that other changes in pulmonary damage and inflammatory responses might induce by not only kinds of fluid solutions but also hypothermia, and that the detailed evaluation should be study.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.225-236
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• 2012

In this study, the cellular protective effects on HaCaT cells and human erythrocytes and antioxidative effects of P. tricuspidata stem extracts were investigated. The ethyl acetate ($50{\mu}g/mL$) and aglycone fraction ($25{\mu}g/mL$) of P. tricuspidata stem extracts doesn't show any characteristics of cytotoxicity. When HaCaT cells were treated with 10 mM $H_2O_2$ and $30{\mu}M$ rose bengal, the ethyl acetate ($6.25{\sim}50{\mu}g/mL$) and aglycone ($6.25{\sim}25{\mu}g/mL$) fraction protected the cells against the oxidative damage in a concentration dependent manner. The P. tricuspidata stem extracts showed more prominent cellular protective effect than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol, known as lipid antioxidant at $10{\mu}g/mL$. The ethylacetate fraction of P. tricuspidata stem extracts ($18.5{\mu}g/mL$) showed more free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC5_{50}$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity ($OSC_{50}$) of P. tricuspidata stem extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system was investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate ($1.72{\mu}g/mL$) and the aglycone fraction ($1.53{\mu}g/mL$) showed similar ROS scavenging activity of L-ascorbic acid ($1.50{\mu}g/mL$). These results indicate that extract/fractions of P. tricuspidata stem extracts can function as natural cytoprotective agents and antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by protecting cellular membrane against ROS.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2018

This study aimed to analyze the contents of rutin, procyanidin B3, quercetin, and kaempferol, known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects, among the polyphenol types contained in grape pruning stem extracts (GPSE). It utilized grape stems discarded after harvest to measure the effects of GPSE on skin moisture, inhibition of skin cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory activity on the damaged skin of HR-1 mice induced with ultraviolet B (UVB), and to verify the applicability of GPSE as a material for functional food and functional cosmetics. The polyphenol was extracted from grape pruning stems with 80% EtOH, and then the extract was used while storing at $-20^{\circ}C$, after filtering, concentrating, and freeze-drying it. The content of an active ingredient of GPSE was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). From 53 kg of the grape pruning stem specimen, 2.34 kg of the EtOH fraction extracts were extracted to achieve a 4.42% yield ratio. Analysis of the active ingredients showed 0.28 mg/g of procyanidin B3, 12.81 mg/g of rutin, 0.51 mg/g of quercetin, and 8.24 mg/g of kaempferol. After UVB irradiation on the dermis, to confirm the degree of inhibition of collagen synthesis, we examined the protein expression of MMP-9 using immunohistochemical staining. The results of this study confirm the existence of active polyphenol types, such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and procyanidin B3, in GPSE. Moreover, the study found that GPSE has anti-collagenase effects and it decreases the effects of UV damage on skin barrier function. GPSE is a functional ingredient with a potential for skin protection effects, and it has high utilization potential as an ingredient for functional cosmetics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.4
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• pp.401-413
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• 2016

Forest resources utilization and variable disturbance history have been affected the rarity and conservation value of forest relict trees, which served as habitat for forest biodiversity, important carbon stock and cultural role include human and natural history in South Korea. This study was conducted to establish the baseline data for forest resources conservation by clarifying species diversity, spatial distribution and ecological characteristics (individual and habitat) of forest relict trees (DBH > 300 cm) based on the data getting from mountain trail, high resolution aerial photos and field professionals and field survey. As results, 54 taxa (18 family 32 genus 48 species 1 subspecies 3 variety and 2 form) as about 22% of tree species in Korea was identified in the field. 837 individuals of forest relict trees were observed and the majority of the trees was in Pinaceae, deciduous Fagaceae and Rosaceae, which families are abundant in population diversity. High elevation area was important to relict trees as mean altitudinal distribution was 1,200 m a.s.l as likely affected by human activity gradients and mid-steep slope and North aspect was important environment for the trees remain. Many individuals exhibited 'damage larger branch' (55.6%) and consequent relatively lower mean canopy coverages (below 80%). Synthetically, present diversity and abundance of relict forest trees in South Korea were the result of complex process among climate variation, local weather and biological factors and the trees of big and old were estimated to important forest biodiversity elements. In the future, clarifying the role and function of relict trees in forest ecosystem, in- and ex- situ programmes for important trees and habitat, and activities for building the background of conservation policy such as "Guideline for identifying and measurement of forest relict trees".

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2016

'Sinano Sweet' apple trees were defoliated at intervals of a month from May to October to simulate damage occured by hail and typhoon in Korea, accordingly fruit yield, reserve accumulations and return bloom were investigated. As the more severe defoliation degree was and earlier defoliation time was, fruit weight and fruit yields were more decreased. Fruit weight and yields of 30% defoliated trees, regardless of the defoliation time, showed no significant difference with those of control. Because carbohydrate contents of the 2-year old branches defoliated before August were even lower than those of branches defoliated after September, it was considered that defoliation time is more effective on the carbohydrate content than defoliation degree. Among the trees defoliated before August, 50% defoliated trees at August contained the lowest carbohydrate by 50% of control. Time and degree of defoliation had an effect on the number of flower buds following year. The number of return bloom in trees defoliated from May to July was decreased by delay of defoliation time and was the lowest in trees defoliated at July. On the other hand, it was not have a significant different between control and trees defoliated since August. Relationship between the number of return bloom and carbohydrate reserves showed positive correlation. As a result, it is considered that fruit thinning, when defoliation occurred in the growing season, needs for strengthening the sink function of remained individual fruit effect on fruit enlargement and for increaseing the carbohydrate reserve effect on return bloom.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.103-125
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• 2005

Hazard are defined here as threat to life, well-being, material goods and environmental from the extremes of natural processes or technology. The challenges of natural and technology in increasing the exposure of people and property to risk pose a dilemma for any government seeking the fullest protection for its people and their property. As society progresses and as technology improves and becomes ever more intricate and far reaching, the human species is confronted with increasingly diverse and numerous catastrophic events. Not so infrequently, unfortunately, the impact of either a man-made or natural disaster is compounded by the fact that policy makers have neither prepared themselves or the public to respond appropriately to a disaster once the tragedy has struck. Many concerns have been raised for importance of emergency management after 1990's numerous urban disasters in Korea. Emergency management is the discipline and profession of applying science, technology, planning, and management to deal with extreme events that can injure or kill large numbers of people, cause extensive damage to property, and disrupt community life. When the primary function of private security is to protect lives and property of clients, emergency management should be included in the security service and many countermeasures should be carried out for that purpose. The purpose of this study is to establish ways and means needed to improve the private security emergency management system in Korea. This study is spilt into four chapters. Chapter I is the introduction part. Chapter II introduces the reader to a private security and emergency management theory, and Chapter III deals with the establishment of an effective emergency management system in Korea private security, Chapter IV is a conclusion. Policy makers and private security industry employers in Korea has not concerned with the importance of training and education by lack of recognition and has been passive about qualified guards. And the authorities supervising and the administrating the guards has not recognized the importance of private security and has neglected the training of the guards. In theses contexts, private security should develop and maintain a educational program of emergency management to meet their responsibilities to provide the protection and safety of the clients. Today's modern corporate security director, is, first of all, a competent, well-rounded business executive and, second, a 'service expert'. And, emergency management personnel in private security industry need continuous training.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.1247-1251
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• 2007

Purpose : Pathologically, Kawasaki disease (KD) is associated with widespread vascular endothelial damage in the acute phase. The vasculitis induced endothelial injury leads to coagulation abnormalities. Abnormalities of endothelial function, platelet activation, and fibrinolysis are present during acute phase and long after the onset of KD. The aim of study is to evaluate the change of hemostatic markers in the clinical stages of KD and to assess the hemostatic markers to be a useful indicator of the development of coronary artery lesion (CAL). Methods : Seventy four KD patients diagnosed in Chungnam National University Hospital from November 2004 to June 2007. Eleven febrile control and eleven healthy children were selected for healthy control. All blood samples were collected before and after Intravenous gammaglobulin (IVGG), $2^{nd}$ week, and $4^{th}-8^{th}$ week of illness of KD. Results : Initial D-dimer level of Kawasaki disease showed meaningful difference compared to control group (P<0.05). D-dimer and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) before IVGG increased compared with normal control group and decreased after IVGG administration. It is normalized until 2 weeks later, and continue to decreasing. D-dimer and FDP were significantly different according to the CAL before IVGG. Conclusion : The hemostatic markers may change to the clinical stage of KD, which may suggest the degree of endothelial injury. Increased some hemostatic markers may be the predictors for development of CAL.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.199-206
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• 2012

Cryopreservation induces sublethal damage to the spermatozoa, which leads to their reduced fertile life. This study was designed to determine effect of glycerol and ethylene glycol as cryoprotectant in extender on improve the freezability of Jeju horse semen. The semen was cryopreserved with glucose-EDTA extender containing each 5% glycerol, 5% ethylene glycol, 8% glycerol or 8% ethylene glycol, respectively. Post-thawed sperm were evaluated motility, viability, Membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. Post-thawed sperm motility were not significantly differences among treatments. However, sperm viability were significantly higher (p<0.05) in 8% glycerol ($39.85%{\pm}11.41$) than in 5% glycerol treatment ($18.08%{\pm}1.61$). In membrane integrity, swelling sperm ratio was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 8% glycerol ($34.12%{\pm}11.02$) than other treatments. In the percentage of capacitated sperm assessed by CTC staining, F pattern was significantly higher in 8% ethylene glycol than 5% glycerol and 5% ethylene glycol (p<0.05). B pattern ratio was significantly increased in 5% ethylene glycol compared with 8% glcerol and 8% ethylene glycol (p<0.05). Moreover, 8% ethylene glycol treatment was significantly decreased AR pattern ratio compared with other treatments (p<0.05). It is concluded that treatment of 8% glycerol was improved the sperm viability and 8% ethylene glycol was improved the sperm ascrosome integrity after thawing. However, they were not significantly difference between 8% glycerol and 8% ethylene glycol on post-thawed sperm viability. Therefore, 8% ethylene glycol was more effective sperm cryoprotectant than 8% glycerol in Jeju Horse.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities on HaCaT and the whitening effects on B16F1 melanoma cells of Dendropanax morbifera leaf extract. In an antioxidative activity assay using HaCaT cells, the ethyl acetate ($50{\mu}g/ml$) and aglycone fractions ($25{\mu}g/ml$) of the D. morbifera leaf extract didn't exhibit any characteristics of cytotoxicity. When HaCaT cells were exposed to a single large dose ($800mJ/cm^2$) of UVB, the extracts protected the cells against UVB radiation. When HaCaT cells were treated with 10 mM $H_2O_2$ and $4{\mu}M$ rose bengal, the ethyl acetate ($6.25{\sim}50{\mu}g/ml$) and aglycone ($6.25{\sim}25{\mu}g/ml$) fractions protected the cells against oxidative damage in a concentration dependent manner. When the whitening effects of D. morbifera leaf extract were tested in melanoma B16/F1 cells treated with the a-melanocyte stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH), the extracts inhibited ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated intra/extracellular melanogenesis in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of the ethyl acetate and aglycone fractions of D. morbifera leaf extract were 21% and 44% at $25{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Both are more effective than arbutin (15% at $25{\mu}g/ml$) which is known as a whitening agent. These results indicate that fractions of the D. morbifera leaf can function as cell protectants and natural antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skins exposed to UV radiation by quenching and/or scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protecting cells against ROS. In addition, fractions of the D. morbifera leaf can be applied to new whitening cosmetics because of their inhibitory effects on ${\alpha}$-MSH stimulated melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 1981

To design more efficient agricultural machinery, the accurately measuring system among many other factors is essential. A light-beam oscillographic recorder is generally used in measuring dynamic strain but it is not compatible with the extremely high speed measuring system such as 1,000 m/s, also is susceptable to damage due to vibration while using the system in field. The recorder used light sensitive paper for strip chart recording. The reading and analysis of data from the strip charts is very cumbersome, errorneous and time consuming. A microcomputer was interfaced with A/D converter, microcomputer program was developed for measuring, system calibration was done and the strain generated from a cantilever beam vibrator was measured. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Microcomputer program was developed to perform strain measuring of agricultural machine elements and could be controled freely the measuring intervals, no. of channels and no. of data. The maximum measuring speed was $62{\mu}s$. 2. Calibration the system was performed with triangle wave generated from a function generator and checked by an oscilloscope. The sampled data were processed using HP 3000 minicomputer of Chungnam National University computer center the graphical results were triangle same as input wave and so the system have been out of phase distorsion and amplitude distorsion. 3. The strain generated from a cantilever beam vibrator which has free vibration period of 0.019 second were measured by the system controlled to have l.0 ms of time interval and its computer output showing vibration curve which is well filted to theoretical value. 4. Using microcomputer on measuring the strain of agricultural machine elements could not only save analyzing time and recording papers but also get excellent adaptation to field experiment, especially in measurement requiring high speed and good precision.