• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.3225-3262
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• 1974

The purposes of this thesis are to clarify experimentally the variation of ground water temperature in tube wells during the irrigation period of paddy rice, and the effect of ground water irrigation on the growth, grain yield and yield components of the rice plant, and, furthermore, when and why the plant is most liable to be damaged by ground water, and also to find out the effective ground water irrigation methods. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows; 1. The temperature of ground water in tube wells varies according to the location, year, and the depth of the well. The average temperatures of ground water in a tubewells, 6.3m, 8.0m deep are $14.5^{\circ}C$ and $13.1^{\circ}C$, respercively, during the irrigation period of paddy rice (From the middle of June to the end of September). In the former the temperature rises continuously from $12.3^{\circ}C$ to 16.4$^{\circ}C$ and in the latter from $12.4^{\circ}C$ to $13.8^{\circ}C$ during the same period. These temperatures are approximately the same value as the estimated temperatures. The temperature difference between the ground water and the surface water is approximately $11^{\circ}C$. 2. The results obtained from the analysis of the water quality of the "Seoho" reservoir and that of water from the tube well show that the pH values of the ground water and the surface water are 6.35 and 6.00, respectively, and inorganic components such as N, PO4, Na, Cl, SiO2 and Ca are contained more in the ground water than in the surface water while K, SO4, Fe and Mg are contained less in the ground water. 3. The response of growth, yield and yield components of paddy rice to ground water irrigation are as follows; (l) Using ground water irrigation during the watered rice nursery period(seeding date: 30 April, 1970), the chracteristics of a young rice plant, such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers are inferior to those of young rice plants irrigated with surface water during the same period. (2) In cases where ground water and surface water are supplied separately by the gravity flow method, it is found that ground water irrigation to the rice plant delays the stage at which there is a maximum increase in the number of tillers by 6 days. (3) At the tillering stage of rice plant just after transplanting, the effect of ground water irrigation on the increase in the number of tillers is better, compared with the method of supplying surface water throughout the whole irrigation period. Conversely, the number of tillers is decreased by ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. Plant height is extremely restrained by ground water irrigation. (4) Heading date is clearly delayed by the ground water irrigation when it is practised during the growth stages or at the reproductive stage only. (5) The heading date of rice plants is slightly delayed by irrigation with the gravity flow method as compared with the standing water method. (6) The response of yield and of yield components of rice to ground water irrigation are as follows: \circled1 When ground water irrigation is practised during the growth stages and the reproductive stage, the culm length of the rice plant is reduced by 11 percent and 8 percent, respectively, when compared with the surface water irrigation used throughout all the growth stages. \circled2 Panicle length is found to be the longest on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised at the tillering stage. A similar tendency as that seen in the culm length is observed on other test plots. \circled3 The number of panicles is found to be the least on the plot in which ground water irrigation is practised by the gravity flow method throughout all the growth stages of the rice plant. No significant difference is found between the other plots. \circled4 The number of spikelets per panicle at the various stages of rice growth at which_ surface or ground water is supplied by gravity flow method are as follows; surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥ 98.5. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥62.2 Ground water at the tillering stage‥‥‥‥‥ 82.6. Ground water at the reproductive stage ‥‥‥‥‥ 74.1. \circled5 Ripening percentage is about 70 percent on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised during all the growth stages and at the tillering stage only. However, when ground water irrigation is practised, at the reproductive stage, the ripening percentage is reduced to 50 percent. This means that 20 percent reduction in the ripening percentage by using ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. \circled6 The weight of 1,000 kernels is found to show a similar tendency as in the case of ripening percentage i. e. the ground water irrigation during all the growth stages and at the reproductive stage results in a decreased weight of the 1,000 kernels. \circled7 The yield of brown rice from the various treatments are as follows; Gravity flow; Surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥514kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥428kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥430kg/10a. Standing water; Surface water at all growh stages‥‥‥‥‥‥556kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥441kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥450kg/10a. The above figures show that ground water irrigation by the gravity flow and by the standing water method during all the growth stages resulted in an 18 percent and a 21 percent decrease in the yield of brown rice, respectively, when compared with surface water irrigation. Also ground water irrigation by gravity flow and by standing water resulted in respective decreases in yield of 16 percent and 19 percent, compared with the surface irrigation method. 4. Results obtained from the experiments on the improvement of ground water irrigation efficiency to paddy rice are as follows; (1) When the standing water irrigation with surface water is practised, the daily average water temperature in a paddy field is 25.2$^{\circ}C$, but, when the gravity flow method is practised with the same irrigation water, the daily average water temperature is 24.5$^{\circ}C$. This means that the former is 0.7$^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. On the other hand, when ground water is used, the daily water temperatures in a paddy field are respectively 21.$0^{\circ}C$ and 19.3$^{\circ}C$ by practising standing water and the gravity flow method. It can be seen that the former is approximately 1.$0^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. (2) When the non-water-logged cultivation is practised, the yield of brown rice is 516.3kg/10a, while the yield of brown rice from ground water irrigation plot throughout the whole irrigation period and surface water irrigation plot are 446.3kg/10a and 556.4kg/10a, respectivelely. This means that there is no significant difference in yields between surface water irrigation practice and non-water-logged cultivation, and also means that non-water-logged cultivation results in a 12.6 percent increase in yield compared with the yield from the ground water irrigation plot. (3) The black and white coloring on the inside surface of the water warming ponds has no substantial effect on the temperature of the water. The average daily water temperatures of the various water warming ponds, having different depths, are expressed as Y=aX+b, while the daily average water temperatures at various depths in a water warming pond are expressed as Y=a(b)x (where Y: the daily average water temperature, a,b: constants depending on the type of water warming pond, X; water depth). As the depth of water warning pond is increased, the diurnal difference of the highest and the lowest water temperature is decreased, and also, the time at which the highest water temperature occurs, is delayed. (4) The degree of warming by using a polyethylene tube, 100m in length and 10cm in diameter, is 4~9$^{\circ}C$. Heat exchange rate of a polyethylene tube is 1.5 times higher than that or a water warming channel. The following equation expresses the water warming mechanism of a polyethylene tube where distance from the tube inlet, time in day and several climatic factors are given: {{{{ theta omega (dwt)= { a}_{0 } (1-e- { x} over { PHI v })+ { 2} atop { SUM from { { n}=1} { { a}_{n } } over { SQRT { 1+ {( n omega PHI) }^{2 } } } } LEFT { sin(n omega t+ { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI )-e- { x} over { PHI v }sin(n omega LEFT ( t- { x} over {v } RIGHT ) + { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI ) RIGHT } +e- { x} over { PHI v } theta i}}}}{{{{ { theta }_{$\infty$ }(t)= { { alpha theta }_{a }+ { theta }_{ w'} +(S- { B}_{s } ) { U}_{w } } over { beta } , PHI = { { cpDU}_{ omega } } over {4 beta } }}}} where $\theta$$\omega$; discharged water temperature($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$a; air temperature ($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$$\omega$';ponded water temperature($^{\circ}C$) s ; net solar radiation(ly/min) t ; time(tadian) x; tube length(cm) D; diameter(cm) ao,an,bn;constants determined from $\theta$$\omega$(t) varitation. cp; heat capacity of water(cal/$^{\circ}C$ ㎥) U,Ua; overall heat transfer coefficient(cal/$^{\circ}C$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ min-1) $\omega$;1 velocity of water in a polyethylene tube(cm/min) Bs ; heat exchange rate between water and soil(ly/min)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1752-1760
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• 2005

In this experiment, the effects of cage density (CD) and probiotic supplementation (PS) on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality in peak-producing hens were evaluated. After blocking according to the cage location, Lohman layers (n = 180, 46 wks of age) were allocated randomly to two levels of CD (540 vs. 360 $cm^2$/hen) and three levels of PS (0, 0.15, and 0.30%). Probiotic contained Enterococcus faecium culture (10${\times}$10$^9$ cfu/g). Egg production (EP) and feed consumption (FC) were measured daily; egg weight (EW) was measured bi-weekly; BW was measured before and after the experiment; and blood samples were obtained at the end of the experiment. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Increasing CD decreased FC (125.0 vs. 120.8 g/d, p<0.0001) and FCR (1.93 vs. 1.87, p<0.0001) and did not alter EP, EW, and BW. Increasing level of PS linearly decreased FC (p<0.02) and FCR (p<0.006). Averages were 123.9, 123.2, and 121.6 g/d for FC and 1.91, 1.92, and 1.86 for FCR in hens supplemented with 0, 0.15, and 0.30% probiotic, respectively. Hens placed in high-density cages had greater serum corticosterone concentration than hens placed in normal-density cages (12.8 vs. 11.3 $\mu$g/dL, p<0.04); CD did not affect concentrations of other metabolites. Increasing level of PS linearly increased serum glucose, albumin, and creatine concentrations and quadratically increased total protein, globulin, Ca, and P concentrations. Average concentrations (mg/dL) were 260, 297, and 305 for glucose; 6.28, 8.09, and 7.58 for total protein; 1.98, 2.48, and 2.38 for albumin; 4.30, 5.62, and 5.19 for globulin; 0.40, 0.52, and 0.54 for creatine; 16.0, 16.5, and 16.3 for Ca; and 6.27, 8.14, and 7.17 for P in hens supplemented with 0, 0.15, and 0.30% probiotic, respectively. There was no effect of CD on egg quality. Increasing level of PS linearly improved yolk color (YC) and quadratically increased albumen index (AI) and Haugh unit (HU). The mean values were 9.67, 9.75, and 10.58 for YC; 8.94, 6.93, and 8.72% for AI; and 85.6, 74.9, and 82.9 for HU for hens supplemented with 0, 0.15, and 0.30% probiotic, respectively. There was also CD by PS effect on FC, EP, and serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatine, Ca and P concentrations. In conclusion, increased CD partially depressed laying performance and caused stress. Probiotic supplementation improved laying performance and metabolic profile. It also partially alleviated the adverse effects of stress resulting from increased caging density.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.24-55
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• 1993

School health aims to guide and manage growing students from elementary schools to high schools in order to grow healthily through the formation of healthy life habits, the self-control health management guide and the making of pleasant school health environments. Even though this school health plays an important role in guiding the students who are in the period of growing to have a perfect personality as a democratic people of our country in the school education, there are many lacks, such as they still don't know the word itself, "school health" or recognize its importance. Also it's a real condition to practice items concerned with the health under the condition of unestablished structure. 1. The results of analyzing school health real conditions. Based on treatises concerned with school health and various statistical materials which are announced by concerned people. We divided and analyzed school health into the items concerned with health education, the items with health management, and the items with school health environments, and investigated the level of the present school health and its necessity. As the items concerned with health education, we investigated the necessary range of school health education, the effect of health education on children's daily life, family's health and the interesting contents of school health. And as the items with health management, I investigated children's obesity, dental caries, eyesight, clinics, a health examination, drug abuse, spirit health, providing meals for school children, and school health manpower. And as the items conerned with school health environments, we investigated the recognition of the problem of natural environments, the management of purification district around the school, the problem of environments within the school and classroom lighting. As the results of analyzing these, I realized that the present level of school health is still in unsatisfactory situation and school health is needed necessary. 2. The establishment of school health. In order to set the school health, above all, the management system of School health should be set. I classified and systemized the contents of each item which had been promoted till now according to the function. They are classified as followings Based on classifying school health into (1) health education, (2) health management and (3) health environments, I divided school health education into the health education of health subjects, the health education of concerned subjects and the education of health life. And I divided health management into the health managements for a prevention and a cure. And I divided health environments into the environment around the school and within the school. Each system set like these is not fixed invariably and I should keep the relationship of mutual supplement between health education and health management, between health management and health environments, and between health environments management and health education. When we run these systemetic school health, students' health could be maintained and improved to more proper directions.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.44-55
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• 2020

목적 : 본 연구에서는 통계청의 '2014년 생활시간 조사' 원자료를 사용하여 장애 청소년의 시간 사용 분석과 작업 유형별 시간 사용에 대한 자기 만족도를 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 통계청에서 추출한 자료를 활용해 10세에서 24세 장애 청소년 84명을 작업치료실행체계-3을 기준으로 6개의 작업 영역으로 재분류했다. 작업 유형은 개인의 시간 사용량을 기준으로 하여 분류하였다. 마지막으로 작업 유형에 따라 시간 사용에 대한 자기 만족감을 확인하였다. 결과 : 장애 청소년의 전체 시간 사용량은 휴식과 수면 영역(42.33%)의 시간 사용이 가장 많았고 그 다음 일상 영역(21.69%), 교육 영역(16.44%), 여가 영역(14.15%), 사회참여 영역(3.46%), 놀이 영역(1.93%) 순이었다. 작업 유형을 분석한 결과, 역균형 유형 10.71%, 활동과다 유형 50.00%, 활동과소 유형 28.57%, 균형 유형 10.71% 이었으며, 휴식과 수면 영역, 일상 영역, 교육 영역, 여가 영역에서 유형별 유의한 차이를 보였다. 시간 사용 부족감에 대해서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 시간 사용 만족감에서는 유형별 유의한 차이를 보였다. 특히 균형 유형이 가장 만족한다고 느꼈다. 결론 : 장애 청소년의 시간 사용을 활용한 작업 균형 분석과 시간 사용에 관한 부족감 및 만족감 분석을 통하여 장애 청소년의 삶의 질과 건강을 증진 시킬 수 있는 중재 활동의 기초 자료로 제공하고자 한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.1087-1102
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• 1999

Diabetes mellitus, a universal and prevalent chronic disease, is projected to be one of the most formidable worldwide health problems in the 21st century. For those living with diabetes, there is a need for self-care skills to manage a complex medical regimen. Self-efficacy which refers to one's belief in his/her capability to monitor and perform the daily activities required to manage diabetes has be found to be related to self-care. The concept of self-efficacy comes from social cognitive theory which maintains that cognitive mechanism mediate the performance of behavior. The literature cites several research studies which show a strong relationship between self-efficacy and self-care behavior. Meta-analysis is a technique that enables systematic review and quantitative integration of the results from multiple primary studies that are relevant to a particular research question. Therefore, this study was done using meta-analysis to quantitatively integrate the results of independent research studies to obtain numerical estimates of the overall effect of a self-efficacy with diabetic patient on self-care behaviors. The research proceeded in three stages : 1) literature search and retrieval of studies in which self-efficacy was related to self-care, 2) coding, and 3) calculation of mean effect size and data analysis. Seventeen studies which met the research criteria included study population of adults with diabetes, measures of self-care and measures of self-efficacy as a predictive variable. Computation of effect size was done on DSTAT which is a statistical computer program specifically designed for meta-analysis. To determine the effect of self-efficacy on self-care practice homogeneity tests were conducted. Pooled effect size estimates, to determine the best subvariable for composite variables, metabolic control variables and component of self-efficacy and self-care, indicated that the effect of self-efficacy composite on self-care composite was moderate to large. The weighted mean effect size of self-efficacy composite and self-care composite were ＋.76 and the confidence interval was from ＋.66 to ＋.86 with the number of subjects being 1,545. The total for this meta-analysis result showed that the weighted mean effect sizes ranged from ＋.70 to ＋1.81 which indicates a large effect. But since reliabilities of the instruments in the primary studies were low or not stated, caution must be applied in unconditionally accepting the results from these effect sizes. Meta-analysis is a useful took for clarifying the status of knowledge development and guiding decision making about future research and this study confirmed that there is a relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in patients with diabetes. It, thus, provides support for nurses to promote self-efficacy in their patients. While most of the studies included in this meta-analysis used social cognitive theory as a framework for the study, some studies use Fishbein & Ajzen's attitude model as a model for active self-care. Future research is needed to more fully define the concept of self-care and to determine what it is that makes patients feel competent in their self-care activities. The results of this study showed that self-efficacy can promote self-care. Future research is needed with experimental design to determine nursing interventions that will increase self-efficacy.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.142-159
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• 2007

Purpose : This study was undertaken to provide prerequisites for accreditation of medical genetics training program and certification process for medical genetics professionals as clinical specialist and set up guidelines on curriculum of medical genetics training program in Korea. Methods : Six ad hoc committees for clinical geneticist, clinical cytogeneticist, clinical molecular geneticist, clinical biochemical geneticist, medical genetics technologists and genetic counselors were organized for reviewing current status in Korea as well as foreign countries. Each committee is composed of 6-8 members. They summarized their opinions according to the structured questionnaire inquiring the ways of accrediting training program, qualification of program director, trainee requirements, contents of curriculum, duration of training program, certification process, estimation of numbers of each specialist needed in next 5 years in Korea. Results : Both prerequisites for the accreditation of medical geneticist training institutions and qualification of program director are suggested. Candidacy of trainees requires MD with board of medical specialty, or PhD degree with professional experiences in related field except clinical genetics program which only accepts MD with board of medical specialty, and Non-MD genetic counselor and medical technologists with degrees of BS or MS. General duration of fellowship will be 2-3 years depending on the categories they are enrolled into. Contents of curriculum for each speciality training are described. For the certification of each category, the candidacy should submit a log book detailing the cases they experienced during the fellowship, prove that they successfully completed course work and clinical experiences in the accredited program, and pass the written examination. Conclusion : As medical genetics becomes more important in daily routine clinical practice, the accreditation of medical genetics training program and certification of personnel are urgently needed. In this regard, the study will be providing guidelines and prerequisites for accreditation of medical genetics training program and certification process for medical genetics professionals as clinical specialist.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.456-464
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 최근 전세계적으로 문제가 되고 있는 항생제 내성균에 대해 그 항균효과를 천연의 약용식물을 이용하여 분자생물학적 수준에서 비교해보고 천연항균제의 개발에 우선하여 직접 식품에 첨가하여 그 효과를 검색하고자 하였다. 병원내감염의 주된 원인균으로 알려진 황색포도상구균(Staphylococcusaureus)은 여러 항균제에 대하여 내성을 획득함으로써 질병의 치료를 어렵게 한다는 점에서 매우 심각한 문제이다. 이러한 내성균은 다양한 방법으로 동 식물에 빠르게 전파되고 있으므로 소비자가 내성균을 지닌 식품을 섭취해 잠재적인 내성균을 보유하게 되는 결과를 낳게 된다. 이러한 항생제 내성 황색포도상구균(Methicillin Resistant S. aureus, MRSA)에 대해 천연 약용 식물 중 우수한 항균력을 가지는 감초를 순차 분획하여 각 분획물을 이용한 MRSA에 대한 항균 활성을 알아본 결과 hexane, chloroform 분획물에서 항균활성을 나타냈으며, 동일농도의 생육저해비교 실험에서 대부분의 내성균주에 대해 대조군과 유사한 효과를 나타낸 penicillin에 비해 감초분획물이 대수기를 넘는 억제효과를 나타내었으며 이 중 chloroform 분획물이 가장 높은 저해활성을 나타내었다. 또한 RT-PCR을 통하여 표준균주와 내성균주의 내성 정도와 내성 유전자를 관찰해본 결과 KCCM 40510은 내성획득유전자인 mecA, mecRI, mecI, femA에 발현이 높게 나타나 고도내성균임을 알 수 있었으며, 고도내성을 나타내는 균주를 이용하여 감초의 chloroform 분획물을 농도별로($50,\;100,\;250\;{\mu}/mL$) 처리한 결과 농도 의존적으로 유전자 발현이 억제됨을 볼 수 있었다. 특히 고도내성균주인 KCCM 40510은 메티실린 내성을 상승시키는 mecA 유전자의 발현을 억제시키는 mecRI 유전자의 pathway와 상응하는 것으로 보여지므로 감초가 이러한 고도내성균에 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 SEM을 통한 형태학적 관찰을 통해 분획물 처리 시 세포벽이 파괴되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 이러한 감초추출물을 직접 식품에 첨가하여 내성 균주에 대한 억제 효과도 확인한 결과 추출물 200mg/100mL 농도에서 포도상구균에 대해 항균효과를 나타내는 것을 볼 수 있었다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.161-175
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• 2007

It is important for young adults to establish good dietary behavior for healthy life. The prevalence of obesity in college students has increased gradually. The obesity is one of the most prevalent health problems in S. Korea. Moreover, obesity is closely related with the disease such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate health practice, serum components and nutrient intake of the college students according to Body Mass Index (BMI) level. 400 male and female freshmen students in 4 year university located near to Seoul metropolitan area were surveyed respectively through the health check-up procedure for college entrance in February. Survey was carried out for them by questionnaires, including a 24-hour dietary recall and anthropometric measurements. Blood samples were obtained while fasting. Nutrient intake was expressed by DDS(Dietary Diversity Score by 5 food groups) and DVS(Dietary Variety Score). Nutrition level was analyzed by Can-Pro (Korea Nutrition Association). And for the quantity intake, percentage ratio against daily requirement(by KDRIs) and MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) were calculated. Underweight group($BMI<18.5kg/m^2$), normal weight group($18.5) and overweight group($BMI<23.0 kg/m^2$) were 18.5%, 61.2% and 19.3% respectively. Nutrient intake levels and food intake status were not significantly different among three groups. The mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) was not significantly different by BMI status. Nutrient intakes of calcium, iron, and riboflavin were especially low for all the students. Overweight group showed high blood pressure(120.9/79.3 mmHg) compared with the underweight group (116.4/ 75.8mmHg) but the difference was not significant. The serum triglyceride level in overweight group (94,0mg%) was higher than that in normal (70.9mg%) or underweight group(70.8mg%)(p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level in overweight (43.8 mg%) group was not significantly different from that in underweight group (45.9mg%). BMI was positively correlated with blood pressure, hemoglobin, and the intake of total fat and cholesterol. But it was negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol level. With these results overweight group is closely related with the cardiovascular disease risks, such as high blood pressure and high triglycerides and cholesterol. Thus, a health intervention program including weight control is required for young adults.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.522-527
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• 2010

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and disability and remains so in the future. The aim of this study was to detect the impact of a 6-month diet intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal Iranian women. It was a randomized controlled trial that carried out in the East Health Clinic in Ahvaz-Iran. This study started on June 2007 and was completed on May 2008. A total 64 healthy postmenopausal women recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention group (35) and control (29). Over the six months follow-up, the intervention group received five educational sessions (two face to face and three lecture discussion classes with slide demonstration) at the first month. These sessions were about menopause, cardiovascular disease and healthy diet. Every participant in the intervention group received one face to face education session at the $3^{rd}$ month, and also received a telephone call at the end of each month starting with the second month to remain on the diet. Pre-intervention and post-intervention anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood lipids and dietary intake were assessed. Data analyzed using the SPSS version 15. Descriptive (means and SD), univariate (paired-t test, Chi-Square and Independent T-test) and multivariate (GLM Repeated Measure) statistics were used. Participants in the diet group had significantly lower weight (-0.9 kg), body mass index (-0.4 $kg/m^2$), and fasting blood sugar (-4.5 mg/dl). The diet group significantly increased their daily intake of fiber (+2.3 g, P=0.05), decreased their intake of sodium (-28 mg, P=0.04), and consumption of fruit and vegetable ${\geq}$ 5 serving a day (80%, P=0.03) compared to the control group. Post menopausal women are at a greater risk for cardiovascular disease. Healthy diet using educational intervention can be an effective means of reducing cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2003

Instroduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate safety education-related backgrounds and safety behaviors of elementary school children at a local area in Jeonbuk province. Methods: Study subjects were 308 5th and 6th graders from 6 schools located in J City and the data were collected from June 16-27, 2003. Research instrument to test safety behaviors was 4-points summated scale (Cronbach${\alpha}$= .94) composed of 54-items with three sub-categories school life safety (${\alpha}$= .88), traffic safety (${\alpha}$= .86), and daily life safety (${\alpha}$= .84), The data was analyzed by percentage, x2-test, t-test, ANOVA and Duncan test using SPSS/PC 10.0. Results: 1. Safety Education-related Characteristics: Safety education was mostly conducted during extracurricular hour as picnic (37%) and regular class (37.2%); and the instructors of safety education were school nurse (33.2%), classroom teacher (30.9%), and parents (23.4%) in order. About two third (71.0%) of the subjects have had many kinds of school event program such as essay writing, poster drawing, oratorical contest in the course of safety education According to gender, girl students was more favorable about school events as a effective safety education measure (x2=9.188, p= .010); and according to school location, nural school taught more at moming & closing session (x2=7.383, p= .025), by school nurse or classroom teacher (x2=36.574, p= .001), and had more frequent (x2=63.337, p= .001) safety education class. 2. Practice of safety behaviors: Mean scores of safety behaviors was $106.9{\pm}24.92$ out of 162 points. According gender, the scores of girl students (t=-3.296, p= .001) were significant higher than boy students. But there was not any significant difference according to school area According to safety education-related characteristics, the scores of safety behaviors was significantly higher in the group who thought that school event program was more effective on safety education (F=4.024, p= .019), and who were more interested in current safety education class (F= 10.203, p= .001) Conclusions: From the above findings, the authors concluded that school-based safety education was mainly conducted at extra-curricular and regular class, and by school nurse or classroom teacher in elementary school. Even though the mean scores of safety behaviors of elementary school children was in medium level, those. were significant higher in girl students and in rural school children. And extra-curricular activities and school event programs were suggested as more effective strategies for school-based safety education Based on the above findings, safety education class can be recommended in regular curricular basis; and various extracurricular activities and school event programs need to be developed for more effective school-based safety education. In addition, further study on gender-specific factors on safety behaviors and nationwide survey on school-based safety education should be needed.