• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2004

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) often uses small beam segments. The heterogeneity effect is well known for relatively large field sizes used in the conventional radiation treatments. However, this effect is not known in small fields such as the beamlets used in IMRT. There are many factors that can cause errors in the small field i.e. electronic disequilibrium and multiple electron scattering. This study prepared geometrically regular heterogeneous phantoms, and compared the measurements with the calculations using the Convolution/Superposition algorithm and Monte Carlo method for small beams. This study used the BEAM00/EGS4 code to simulate the head of a Varian 2300C/D. The commissioning of a 6MV photon beam were performed from two points of view, the beam profiles and depth doses. The calculated voxel size was 1${\times}$1${\times}$2$\textrm{cm}^2$ with field sizes of 1${\times}$1$\textrm{cm}^2$, 2${\times}$2$\textrm{cm}^2$, and 5${\times}$5$\textrm{cm}^2$. The XiOTM TPS (Treatment Planning System) was used for the calculation using the Convolution/Superposition algorithm. The 6MV photon beam was irradiated to homogeneous (water equivalent) and heterogeneous phantoms (water equivalent ＋ air cavity, water equivalent ＋ bone equivalent). The beam profiles were well matched within :t1 mm and the depth doses were within ${\pm}$2%. In conclusion, the dose calculations of the Convolution/Superposition and Monte Carlo simulations showed good agreement with the film measurements in the small field.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.157-162
• /
• 2012

Purpose: This study is to identify the effect of Ankle Joint Taping applied to patients with chronic hemiplegia on their gait velocity and joint angles. Methods: We randomly extracted a clinical sample from 30 patients with hemiplegia resulting from stroke and classified them into two groups of a control group including 15 patients offered a regular therapeutic exercise and a test group including 15 patients offered taping. We also conducted the comparative analysis and pretest of the affected ankle joint angles by the normal characteristics of all subjects, Time to up and go test (TUG), 3D movement analyzer before the intervention. We applied taping to a test group for eight hours a day, five days a week during two weeks and conducted the comparative analysis of the gait velocity and the affected ankle joint angles by a comparison between and within two groups of before and after the intervention by conducting a posttest after the intervention. The result is as followings. Results: It indicated that there was a significantly decreased time with the increased gait velocity that a test according to a result of comparing the gait velocity within two groups (p<0.05). It indicated that there was a significantly increased angle in a comparison within two groups of test that inversion angle of a control group according to a result of comparing the ankle joint angles by 3D movement analyzer within groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: We found that TUG will help patients walk independently because it met a test group's need in the change of the gait velocity between two groups by recording less than 14 seconds which is the standard of using assistive aids and also found that ankle joint taping will help the joints prevent their function change considering that a control group showed an increased inversion angle in the change of the ankle joint within two groups.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.315-325
• /
• 2013

The possibility of acute hepatotoxicity caused by dimethylformamide (DMF) requires regular monitoring of the workers who are using DMF to prevent the occupational disease. The authors performed ambient and biological monitoring of workers involved in synthetic leather manufacturing processes using DMF to assess the correlation between the markers of ambient and biological monitoring of DMF. The authors monitored 142 workers occupationally exposed to DMF from 19 workshops in the synthetic leather and ink manufacturing industries located in northern region of Gyeonggi-do. The subjects answered questionnaire on work procedure and use of personal protective equipment to be classified by exposure type. DMF in air samples collected using personal air samplers, diffusive and active sampler, was analysed using gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) with DB-FFAP column (length 30 m, i.d. 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 ${\mu}m$). Urinary N-methylformamide (NMF) was analysed using gas chromatograph-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) at selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with DB-624 column (length 60 m, i.d. 0.25 mm, film thickness 1.40 ${\mu}m$). Geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of the ambient DMF was $6.85{\pm}3.43$ ppm, and GM and GSD of urinary NMF was $42.3{\pm}2.7$ mg/L. The ratio of subjects with DMF level over 10 ppm was 44%, and those with urinary NMF over 15 mg/L was 87%. NMF in urine adjusted by DMF in air was $4.61{\pm}2.57$ mg/L/ppm and $9.50{\pm}2.41$ mg/L/ppm, respectively, with or without respirator. There was seasonal differences of NMF in urine adjusted by DMF in air, $7.63{\pm}2.74$ mg/L/ppm in summer and $4.53{\pm}2.29$ mg/L/ppm in winter. The urinary NMF concentration which corresponds to 10 ppm of ambient DMF was 52.7 mg/L (r=0.650, n=128). Considering the difference of the route of exposure which resulted from the compliance of wearing personal protective equipment, the estimated contribution of respiratory and dermal exposure route for DMF was 48.5% vs. 51.5%.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2002

This study identified the health habits affecting health status of industrial workers. Data was collected from 965 workers in 58 companies at Buchon. The research conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey and obtained the workers' health examination records. The results were as follows: 1. Among 965 respondents, men were 82.4%, women were 17.6%, 44.5% were of the 30${\sim}$40 age group, the married were 67.4%, the single were 30.8%, high school graduates were 81.1% and 38.8% were of people who worked between 1 and 5 years 2. As far as the seven health habits, current smokers were 52.8%, people who regularly exercise was 28.5%, 7${\sim}$8 hour of sleep, on the average were 71.4%, people eating breakfast nearly every day were 8.8%, and people eating between meals almost every day were 46.5%. Heavy drinkers who drink 3${\sim}$4 times or more per week were 14.2%, 1${\sim}$2 times per week were 32.6% and the obese were 9.3%. 3, Health status of A and B, estimated by doctors in the health examination were 80.8% and C, D1, D2, the unhealthy were 19.2%. For men, those who reported more than women in unhealthy groups and the results regarding health status reflects those for gender, educational level and age. That is to say that, lower educational level group and over 30 years of age group perceive their health to be worse than the higher educational level and under 30 age group. And these differences were statistically significant. 4. The relationship between health habits and health status were examined based on the odds ratio. Current smokers had a consistently worse health status than a non smokers with a 1.98 odds ratio. The workers who reported eating breakfast rarely or never were more associated with the unhealthy group than the regular breakfast eating group with a 2.96 odds ratio. One or more drink per week had a worse health status than a never or a little drinker with a 1.56 odds ratio. 5. General health habit score and duration of work were selected as significant factors influencing health status from the result of logistic regression analysis. According to the results of this model, the odds ratio of good health status was 2.08 for good health habit score, 1.63 for workers who worked five years or more duration at work. In summary, good health habits were associated with good health status. In particular, the workers who had 5 or more desirable health habits had a significantly better health status than the workers who had 4 or less than 4 good health habits. Therefore, in order to provide the health promotion programs to workers it is necessary to organize clear health management plans based on effective health education and health service perspective. If further research examines health habits and health status using a prospective study design, More precise findings for health promotion program development in the worksite and worksite health management planning.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.105-113
• /
• 2009

The interpretation of observed waveform characteristics identified in refraction and wide-angle reflection data increases confidence in the crustal structure model obtained. When calculating traveltimes and raypaths, wavefront methods on a regular grid based on graph theory are robust even with complicated structures, but basically compute only first arrivals. In this paper, we develop new algorithms to compute traveltimes and raypaths not only for first arrivals, but also for fast and later reflection arrivals, later refraction arrivals, and converted waves between P and S, using the modified wavefront method based on slowness network nodes mapped on a multi-layer model. Using the new algorithm, we can interpret reflected arrivals, Pg-later arrivals, strong arrivals appearing behind Pn, triplicated Moho reflected arrivals (PmP) to obtain the shape of the Moho, and phases involving conversion between P and S. Using two models of an ocean-continent transition zone and an oceanic ridge or seamount, we show the usefulness of this algorithm, which is confirmed by synthetic seismograms using the 2D Finite Difference Method (2D-FDM). Characteristics of arrivals and raypaths of the two models differ from each other in that using only first-arrival traveltime data for crustal structure analysis involves risk of erroneous interpretation in the ocean-continent transition zone, or the region around a ridge or seamount.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.516-523
• /
• 2005

This study was performed to investigate dietary behaviors and consumption of health food in cancer patients. The subjects were 163 cancer patients recruited from the general hospital in Seoul, Korea. The data were obtained by the structured self administered questionnaire. The mean age of subjects was 51 years. Most of subjects didn't eat the visual fat of meat and chicken skin. The mealtime of the subjects was generally regular and most of subjects had breakfast. The subjects of this survey liked to eat foods with sweet taste but disliked to eat hot, salty and sour taste ones. The preference for fish, marine products and vegetables was high but that for instant foods and frying foods was very low. Most of subjects consumed the foods that is generally known as anticancer foods such as vegetables and fruits. On the other hand, most of subjects didn't intake butter, margarine, and frying foods that is known as risk factors of cancer. The majority of subjects$(84.7\%)$ consumed the health food The main reasons for taking health foods by subjects were to cure disease$(58.0\%)$, to prevent disease$(45.3\%)$, to supply nutrients$(39.3\%)$, to maintain the mental state$(12.7\%)$ and to recover fatigue$(10.7\%)$. Majority of subjects$(66.0\%)$ spent money more than 200,000 won/month to buy health foods. The purchasing channels of health foods by subjects were recommendation by family or friend$(64.0\%)$, by physician/pharmacist$(18.0\%)$ and by nutritionist or dietician(6.0), and advertisement through TV or radio$(12.0\%)$. The types of taking health foods of the subjects were vegetable extracted food$(60.0\%)$, mushrooms$(51.3\%)$, Lactobacillus food$(25.3\%)$, enzyme food$(22.6\%)$ calcium containing food$(20.0\%)$ and so on. The results of the current study show that although many cancer patients already practice healthy dietary behaviors, there is a substantial proportion who do not and most of cancer patients consume health foods.' Further intervention is needed to explore the effect of health foods in cancer patients

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.101-114
• /
• 2017

This is the study of descriptive research to look into influence factors about how married middle-aged male' job stress, job security, depression, family bond, subjective health status and social support have an effect on the quality life. We collected data by giving questionnaires to 149 middle-aged males between the ages of 40 to 49, living B & D metropolitan city and J city, and used the SPSS/WIN18.0 version to analyze. The correlated factors of quality of life included job stress(r=-.544, p<.001), depression(r=-748, p<.001), job security(r=.566, p<.001), subjective health status(r=.537, p<.001), family bond(r=.712, p<.001) and social support(r=.739, p<.001). Factors influencing quality of life are depression, social support, family bond, subjective health status, current employment period and regular exercise. Therefore, a good quality middle-aged life, it will be needed to lower the depression, expand the social support system, improve family bond and subjective health status, increase employment period.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.12 no.10
• /
• pp.587-595
• /
• 2014

This research aimed at analyzing the influence of complex-exercise on diabetes outbreak prediction rate, body composition and vascular compliance in obese smokers and suggesting effective exercise program for obese smokers' healthy life. The research object was composed of the 20 employees, obese smokers in their age of 40s, of T company, which is the subcontractor of H company in D Metropolitan City, who learned the purpose of this research enough and wrote the consent form of voluntary participation, who have no medical history and currently no special disease, as well as no experience in regular exercise. The researcher conducted an inspection on diabetes outbreak prediction rate and body composition, vascular compliance, also, implemented descriptive statistics to calculate the average and standard deviation before the test and after implementing 12 weeks' complex-exercise program, and verification on the difference between before after the test was analyzed by using Paired t-test. With statistical significance level p<.05, the research results are as follows. after participating in 12 weeks' complex-exercise program, diabetes outbreak prediction rate, weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass, abdominal fat rate and vascular compliance showed statistically meaningful level of change in upper extremities(right hand, left hand), nether extremities(right foot, left foot) p.<05.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.119-123
• /
• 2009

Waste nutrient solution (WNS) that composed of nutrient solution of horticultural research institute in Japan and used for culture tomato in perlite hydroponics showed $1.9{\sim}2.4$ dS/m of EC and $5.5{\sim}7.1$ of pH. Although $NH_{4}^+$-N concentration of WNS decreased remarkably, the others did not change significantly as compared with supplied solution. The growth characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were increased as amount of compost was increased in 1 L WNS supply treatment. But there was not any regular tendency on growth characteristics in 2 L/plant WNS supply treatment. The chlorophyll content of tomato leaf was highest in I L/plant WNS supply and 4,000 kg/10a compost treatment. The fresh and dry weight, and yield of tomato fruit also increased with increase of amount of WNS and compost, and they were highest in 1 L WNS supply and 4,000 kg/10a compost treatment. The sugar content of tomato fruits was not influenced by amount of WNS and compost, fructose and glucose and total sugar was highest in 2 L/plant WNS supply and 2,000 kg/10a compost treatment. Therefore fertigation culture used WNS is environmentally friendly and can guarantee yield and quality of tomato fruits and growth of tomato plants.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.97-114
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The object of this study is to observe the favorable anti arthritic effects of Sowhalrack-dan($Xi\check{a}ohu\acute{o}lu\grave{o}-d\bar{a}n$)(SWRD), which has been traditionally used in Korean medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis on Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA) induced arthritic Wistar rats. Methods : Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of FCA(10 mg in 1 ml paraffin oil 0.1 ml/rats). Each of 8 rats showing regular ankle circumferences per group were selected in 14 days after FCA treatment to confirm the induction of rheumatoid arthritis. 300, 150 or 75 mg/kg of SWRD was orally administered once a day for 14 days from 14 days after FCA treatments. Dexamethasone was intraperitoneally administered 15 mg/kg, once a day for 14 days from 14 days after FCA treatments. Rats were sacrificed after 14 days of continuous oral treatment of SWRD or intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone, and changes were observed; the body weight, knee circumferences, gross arthritis score, inflammatory tissue $prostaglandin(PG)E_2$ levels and cartilage collagen, glucosaminoglycans compositions - chondroitin sulphate, heparin sulphate and hyaluronic acid in the present study. Results : As results of FCA treatment, classic rheumatoid arthritis featuring dramatical decreases on the body weights, cartilage collagen contents and bone glucosaminoglycans - chondroitin sulphate, heparin sulphate and hyaluronic acid contents. Also, it increases the knee circumferences, gross arthritis scores and inflammatory tissue $PGE_2$ levels. However, these changes from FCA induced rheumatoid arthritis were clearly reduced due to the dexamethasone and both two different dosages of SWRD, 300 and 150 mg/kg in the present study. Although FCA induced arthritis were more favorably inhibited by treatment of dexamethasone 15 mg/kg compared to SWRD 300 mg/kg, marked decreases of body weights were detected in dexamethasone 15 mg/kg treated rats. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that over 150 mg/kg of SWRD showed favorable anti-arthritic effects on the FCA induced arthritis mediated by suppression of $PGE_2$. However, detailed mechanism studies are needed with the screening of the biological active compounds in SWRD. Although FCA induced arthritis were more favorably inhibited by treatment of dexamethasone 15 mg/kg compared to SWRD 300 mg/kg, marked decreases of body weights were detected in dexamethasone 15 mg/kg treated rats, in the present study.