• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.313-319
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• 2009

To improve the growth of human mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs) under general cell culture conditions(20% $O_2$ and 5% $CO_2$), we examined the effect of s-allylcysteine(SAC), which is known as an antioxidant and the main component of aged-garlic extract, on hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular stress in hMSCs. We found that SAC blocked hydrogen peroxideinduced cell death and cellular apoptosis, but that SAC did not improve the growth of hMSCs during short-term culture. To evaluate the protective effect of SAC, we examined the endogenous expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and glutathione peroxidase(Gpx) in hMSCs. Hydrogen peroxide was found to downregulate the expression of CAT, SOD, and Gpx at the protein level. However, in the pre-treatment group of SAC, SAC inhibited the hydrogen peroxide-induced down-regulation of CAT, SOD, and Gpx. Unfortunately, treatment with SAC alone did not induce the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and the cell proliferation of hMSCs. Surprisingly, SAC improved cell growth in a single cell level culture of hMSCs. These results indicate that SAC may be involved in the preservation of the self-renewal capacity of hMSCs. Taken together, SAC improves the proliferation of hMSCs via inhibition of oxidative-stress-induced cell apoptosis through regulation of antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, SAC may be an indispensable component in an in vitro culture system of human MSCs for maintaining self-renewal and multipotent characterization of human MSCs.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2006

Purpose : To address the ability of Myrrha (MY) to induce cell death, we investigated the effect of MY on apoptosis. In human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells, apoptosis occurred following MY exposure in a dose-dependent manner. Methods : We have tested several kinds of anti-oxidants to investigate the MY-induced apoptotic mechanism. Among the anti-oxidants, N-acetyl cysteine(NAC) or reduced glutathione (GSH) protects MY-induced apoptosis. NAC is an aminothiol and synthetic precursor of intracellular cysteine and GSH. To confirm the role of GSH in MY-induced apoptosis, methionine and cystathionine-glutathione extrusion inhibitors were treated in the presence of MY. Results : NAC, GSH, methionine or cystathionine led to protective effect against MY-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. The GSH and GSH-associated reagents regulate MY-induced cytochrome c release and the resultant caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, the two specific inhibitors of carrier-mediated GSH extrusion, methionine and cystathionine demonstrate GSH extrusion occurs via a specific mechanism. While decreasing GSH extrusion and protecting against MY-induced apoptosis, methionine and cystathionine failed to exert anti-apoptotic activity in cells previously deprived of GSH. Conclusion : the target of the protection is indeed GSH extrusion. This shows that the protective effect is achieved by forcing GSH to stay within the cells during apoptogenic treatment. All this evidence indicates the extrusion of GSH precedes andis responsible for the apoptosis, probably by altering the intracellular redox state, thus giving a rationale for the development of redox-dependent apoptosis in MY-treated human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.151-163
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• 2013

In this research, with a goal of lessening the damage to hair by adding rose hip extract to permanent wave 1 solution and performing permanent wave procedure prior to acid dyeing and maximizing the effect of the procedure, rose hip extract 15%, 20% was added to each thioglycolate 1 solution and cysteine 1 solution and the procedure was performed. As a result, when performing the procedure by adding rose hip extract to permanent wave 1 solution thioglycolate and cysteine permanent wave 1 solution, the effect of wave effectiveness is increased and the damage to hair was confirmed to be low. Depending on the rose hip additive status in thioglycolate, the treatment effect of hair was shown to be beneficial. However, the limit of this research is that the thickness of hair strands for each person differs as well as the location of the hair contributing to the difference and therefore exact judgement regarding the shape of waves as well as the level of damage cannot be fully measured. In the following clinical tests, we will test the procedure on variety of hair types.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.323-326
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• 2005

In the present study, we investigated whether ambroxol, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, dextromethorphan and noscapine affect mucin release from airway goblet cells. Confluent primary hamster tracheal surface epithelial cells were metabolically radiolabeled and chased for 30 min in the presence of varying concentrations of the above agents to assess the effects on $^3H$-mucin release. Noscapine stimulated mucin release during 30 min of treatment period in a dose-dependent manner. However, ambroxol, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine and dextromethorphan showed no significant effect on mucin release during 30 min of treatment period. We conclude that noscapine can affect mucin release by acting on airway mucin-secreting cells.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2002

The Arabidopsis thaliana S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) cDNA ($GenBank^{TM}$ U63633) was cloned. Site-specific mutagenesis was performed to introduce mutations at the conserved cysteine $Cys^{50}$, $Cys^{83}$, and $Cys^{230}$, and $lys^{81}$ residues. In accordance with the human AdoMetDC, the C50A and C230A mutagenesis had minimal effect on catalytic activity, which was further supported by DTNB-mediated inactivation and reactivation. However, unlike the human AdoMetDC, the $Cys^{50}$ and $Cys^{230}$ mutants were much more thermally unstable than the wild type and other mutant AdoMetDC, suggesting the structural significance of cysteines. Furthermore, according to a circular dichroism spectrum analysis, the $Cys^{50}$ and $Cys^{230}$ mutants show a higher a-helix content and lower coiled-coil content when compared to that of wild type and the other mutant AdoMetDC. Also, the three-dimensional structure of Arabidopsis thaliana AdoMetDC could further support all of the data presented here. Summarily, we suggest that the $Cys^{50}$ and $Cys^{230}$ residues are structurally important.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.466-470
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• 1990

Aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$) was reacted with ascorbic acid (AA) alone, with AA plue cysteine and with AA plus cupric ion for 5 days (at $37^{\circ}C$ and pH 5), and the mutagenicity of the reaction products was tested with Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. About 10% of AFBl induced mutagenesis was reduced when $AFB_1$ reacted with AA. This decreasing effect was more severe when $AFB_1$ reacted with AA plus cysteine. The mutagenicity of $AFB_1$ when reacted with AA plus cupric ion was almost completely inhibited, however, eupric ion itself was shown to enhance the mutagenicity of $AFB_1$. Therefore, $AFB_1$ may be degraded in the presence of AA under the given reaction condition and the reaction products was observed to have nonmutagenic effects on the bacterial mutagenecity trials.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.396-402
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• 2005

We try to look for optimum conditions of pre-reductants like L-Cysteine, KI and $FeSO_4$ when analyzing inorganic arsenic by using hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry, and run a comparative study of effect in the analysis of them. Also, we separated and analyzed only inorganic arsenic by using $H_2SO_4$-trap to eliminate organic arsenic which are MMA(monomethylarsonate) and DMA(dimethylarsinate). Under the conditions of mixture acid of 1.8 M HCl and 0.08 M $HNO_3$, arsenic standard solution of 20 ppb have more higher absorbance than without adding acid. In case of L-Cysteine, As(V) completely reduces into As(III) when 0.5 g of L-Cysteine is reacted more than 30 mins. in weak acid condition of approximately 0.07 M $HNO_3$ or HCl. In the event of KI, As(V) completely reduces into As(III) when 3 g of KI is reacted more than 1hour in acid condition of 0.8 M $HNO_3$. On the occasion of $FeSO_4$, the inside of tube is blocked by precipitation by mixture reaction of $NaBH_4$ and $Fe^{2+}$, therefore, comparing to other pre-reductants, reproducibility of efficiency of reducing As(V) to As(III) is low. To evaluate the accuracy of the analytical results, we use NIST SRM 1643C Trace Elements in Water ($82.1{\pm}1.2ng/mL$). The results are satisfactory.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 1989

In opsonized zymosan activated PMN leukocytes, N-ethylamleiamide and $Hg^{++}$, penetrable sulfhydryl group inhibitors, inhibited superoxide generation, NADPH oxidase activity and lysosomal enzyme (lactic dehydrogenase and ${\beta}-glucuronidase$) secretion. P-Chloromercuribenzoic acid and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, surface sulfhydryl group inhibitors did not affect superoxide generation but effectively inhibited both NADPH oxidase activity and lysosomal enzyme secretion. During phagocytosis, contents of surface and soluble sulfhydryl groups were gradually decreased with increasing incubation times. N-ethylmaleiamide and $Hg^{++}$ caused a loss of both surface and soluble sulfhydryl groups. P-Chloromercuribenzoic acid and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid significantly decreased the surface sulfhydryl content but did not after soluble sulfhydryl groups. Cysteine and mercaptopropionylglycine inhibited superoxide generation and lysosomal enzyme secretion. Glutathione had no effect on superoxide generation but remarkably inhibited lactic dehydrogenase release. Suppression of superoxide generation by N-ethylmaleiamide was reversed by cysteine and mercaptopropionyl-glycine but not by glutathione. Inactivation of NADPH oxidase by N-ethylmaleiamide was prevented by glutathione, cysteine or mercaptopropionylglycine. Stimulated superoxide generaion by carbachol was completely abolished by N-ethylrnaleiamide and antagonized by atropine. Thus, the expression of PMN leukocyte response to external stimuli may be associated with the change of sulfhydryl groups content. It is suggested that lysosomal enzyme secretion is influenced by both surface and soluble sulfhydryl groups, whereas superoxide generation by intracellular soluble sulfhydryl groups.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1013-1016
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• 1995

The color stability of betacyanins and effects of antioxidants from Opuntia dillenii Haw were determined in the fruit juice at temperature up to $90^{\circ}C$. The absorption maxima of betacyanins occurred between 536 nm and 538 nm. When fruit juice was heated at $90^{\circ}C$ for various times, the red color gradually diminished and the absorption maxima slightly shifted toward uv region. The kinetic analysis of the data obtained indicated that the discoloration for betacyanins obeyed first order reaction pattern, when the thermal stability test was performed at $50{\sim}90^{\circ}C$. And the rate constant increased from $1.56{\times}10^{-3}/min\;to\;71.91{\times}10^{-3}/min$ with the half-life decreasing from 444.23 min to 9.64 min. The results also indicated that the thermal stability of pigment decreased with increasing temperature. The energy of activation was 10.94 kcal/mole for the pigment. N-propyl gallate, L-cysteine, and ascorbic acid were added to cactus fruit juice at concentrations of $0.01{\sim}0.3%$ at different temperatures. Npropyl gallate and L-cysteine had a little antioxidant effect on betacyanins stability at $50^{\circ}C\;and\;70^{\circ}C$, whereas ascorbic acid had a great antioxidant effect with the half-life value of 2 to 10 times to that of the control.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 1990

Changes in dry matter yield, crude components, nutrients uptake($P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, CaO, MgO) and sulphur containing amino acid(cysteine, methionine) of orchardgrass(Dacty1is glomerata. L) and alfalfa(A4edicago sativa. L) by gypsum application(as sulphur source, 0, 2. 5, 10, 20kg SIlOa) were investigated to understand the effect of sulphur on herbage production in pasture, which was established in 1987 as means of hand broadcasting. The effect of gypsum on dry matter yield at different cutting times during growing seasons has not been found both in orchardgrass and in alfalfa, but in respect to annual total dry matter yield there were increment in herbage yield (P<0.05) of alfalfa at 5, 10, 20kg SIlOa in 1989 and the amounts of sulphur taken up in herbage slightly increased according to the rates of gypsum application. Maximum apparent recovery of sulphur was 7.55% at 2kg SIlOa in orchardgrass and was 17.8% at 5kg S/lOa in alfalfa. There were no any great differences in the content of crude components of both species and this trend was similar with the mineral contents of orchardgrass. But in alfalfa, the amounts of $K_2O$, CaO, and $P_2O_5$ taken up were increased by gypsum application and the increment in the amounts of minerals taken up in herbage at 20kg SIlOa were 14.9 of $K_2O$, 9.1 of CaO, and 2.5kgIlOa of $P_2O_5$ as compared to those of at untreated plot. Cysteine and methionine were not influenced by gypsum applicaton not only in orchardgrass but also cysteine in alfalfa, however, the content of methionine in alfalfa was slightly increased at 2, 5, lOkg SIlOa and at 20kg SIlOa was reverse.