• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2017

Raphanus sativus L. (RS) is a cruciferous vegetable that is widely consumed in Korea. The anticancer activity of leaves of RS (RSL) extract has been investigated; however, no studies focused on its anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of RSL extract. In brief, RSL powder was fractionated into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water-soluble fractions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were treated with each fraction for initial screening. It was found that the chloroform fraction significantly inhibited nitric oxide release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration value of $196{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively, were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme expression decreased. Furthermore, the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), the key regulator of the transcriptional activation of the inflammatory cytokine genes, was reduced by the RSL chloroform fraction. Therefore, the results of our study suggest that RSL exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated macrophages via $NF-{\kappa}B$ inactivation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2003

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of the heartwood extract of Rhus verniciflua (Anacardiaceae) and the two major components, sulfuretin and fustin. The MeOH extract, its EtOAc-soluble portion and sulfuretin showed significant antinociceptive activity in writhing and hot plate test assays and antiinflammaory effects in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. In particular, treatment of sulfuretin with 10 mg/kg dose (i.p.) reduced writhing frequency by 48.0% (p<0.01) compared to that of a control group. Further, the treatment of sulfuretin (5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days prevented the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema significantly (p<0.01). The antiinflammatory effect of sulfuretin was also confirmed by microscopic observation of mast cell numbers in muscle. In addition, sulfuretin suppressed the cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2) activity $(IC_{50}\;=\;28.7\;{\mu}M)$ in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cells. This result indicates that the inhibitory effect of sulfuretin on COX-2 may be one of the antinociceptive/antiinflammatory mechanism.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2019

Inula helenium L. is rich source of eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactones, mainly alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which have the various pharmacological functions. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide (NO) production of hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions from I. helenium and investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of hexane fraction of I. helenium (HFIH) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Quantification of alantolactone and isoalantolactone from HFIH was carried out for the standardization by multiple reaction monitoring using triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. HFIH significantly inhibited inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein as well as their downstream products NO and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, HFIH suppressed $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcriptional activity by decreasing the translocation of p65 to the nucleus. The in vivo study further confirmed that HFIH attenuated the paw edema induced by carrageenan in an acute inflammation model. These findings suggest that HFIH may be useful as a promising phytomedicine for inflammatory-associated diseases.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2016

Background : We studied the anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Spiraea fritschiana Schneid extract (SFSE). Methods and Results : The SFSE was prepared using methanol and was evaluated for its total phenol and flavonoid content, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and effect on nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell viability by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The total phenol content was $212.78{\mu}g{\cdot}galli$c acid equivalent (GAE)/mg and the total flavonoid content was $66.84{\mu}g{\cdot}quercetin$ equivalent (QE)/mg. The extract showed antioxidant activity (DPPH free-radical scavenging activity) with $RC_{50}$ value of $76.61{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The reducing power of the extract was Abs 0.58 at $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Cell viability was determined using the MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-(LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The NO inhibition rate was 90% at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ SFSE. At the same concentration, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 also decreased. Conclusions : Our results suggest that SFSE is a novel resource for the development of foods and drugs that possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.175-183
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Yongseollan(YSL) on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. YSL is tropical plant originating from Mexico. The biological activity of this plant is not yet evaluated systematically. The aim of the present work is to investigate a potential anti-inflammatory activity of YSL. The RAW264.7 cells were cultured in D MEM/F12 medium for 24 hrs. After serum starvation, cells were treated with YSL for 1 hr, followed by stimulating NO production with a LPS. We found that YSL has an inhibitory effect on the production of NO, iNOS expression and $phospho-I{\kappa}B$ expression. YSL also inhibited tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$. Moreover, YSL inhibited cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostanglandin E2 (PGE2). These findings showed that YSL could have some anti-inflammatory effects which might play a role in therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2011

n-Butanol extracts from Phellodendron amurense have about 50% inhibitory activity against hyaluronidase. The anti-inflammatory compound was isolated from P. amurense by Sephadex LH-20 and MCI-gel CHP-20 column chromatography with gradient elution. As a the result, its structure was identified as Jatrorrhizine by the interpretation of spectroscopic analyses including $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR. In anti-inflammatory activity, the expression of nitric oxide (NO) was inhibited as above 60% at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration of extracts and then purified Jatrorrhizine from P. amurense. The inhibitory activities against the expression of inducible NO syntase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were 45% and 29%. It seems that the extracts and purified Jatrorrhizine from P. amurense were expected anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 cells.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.635-643
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• 2012

As an appraisal for the application of a new starter culture, more than 200 lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated from raw milk and healthy human feces. The strains showing excellent growth and acid production ability in 10% skim milk media were selected and identified as Lactobacillus casei based on the results of their API carbohydrate fermentation patterns, as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis. To assess the effect of L. casei strains on irritable bowel disease (IBD), the inhibitory effect of the selected strains against the nitric oxide (NO) production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was measured. Among the tested L. casei strains, L. casei MCL was observed to have the greatest NO inhibitory activity. Additionally, L. casei MCL was found to inhibit mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$), as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) involved in pathophysiologic processes such as inflammation. The mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and transforming growth factor-$1{\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) of L. casei MCL, was confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR. In conclusion, L. casei MCL showed decreases in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulated expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.118-134
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• 2010

Objective: Yang Geouk San Hwa - Tang (YGSHT) has been widely used in Sasang Constitutional Medicine of Korea for treatment of acute inflammatory symptom, such as palatine tonsillitis, polydipsia, headache, papule, pimple however, the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity has not been clarified. In this study, therefore, we investigated the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of YGSHT on LPS-induced inflammation. Materials and methods: The effect of YGSHT was analyzed by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blotting in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results: We found that YGSHT suppressed not only the production of pre-inflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$), the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E (PGE)2, but also the mRNA expression of pre-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Furthermore, YGSHT was shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 and the activation and translocation of NF-kB from cytosol to nuclear in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that YGSHT exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through the regulation of the ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathway and NF-kB pathway, thereby decreasing production of pre-inflammatory cytokines, NO, and PGE2.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.71-78
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• 2017

Objectives : The various grape extracts derived from grape pulp, seed and skin, containing various types of polyphenols and flavonoids, have been known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and improve cardiovascular condition as well as sun's damaging effects. However, there have been rare reports of various beneficial effects of grape fruit stem extract (GFSE), one of the waste products of grapes. We investigated anti-inflammatory and melanogenesis inhibitory effects of GFSE. Methods : One-hundred gram of grape fruit stem was extracted with 80% ethanol at room temperature for 3 days. After filtration, the ethanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then lyophilized to obtain the dry extract which was stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until used. NO levels were measured by using Greiss reagent. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production was measured by ELISA assay. The expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TRP-1 and TRP-2 were evaluated by western blot analysis. Results : GFSE reduced the level of nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production in a dose-dependent manner, compared to control. Expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein were also effectively inhibited by the GFSE. In a tyrosinase inhibitory activity, GFSE significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity and melanin content in a dose dependent manner, compared to control. GFSE also decreased the expression of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), known as a melanocyte-specific gene product involved in melanin synthesis. Conclusions : Therefore, these results indicated that GFSE had powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic effects.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.260-269
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• 2015

The protective effects of extract powder of Angelica gigas on the degeneration of the articular cartilage in rats was investigated with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis, The treatment of high concentration (50 μg/mL) of Angelica gigas effectively inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production induced by interleukin-1α (IL-1α) without any cytotoxicity. Specifically, mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were dose dependently reduced by extract powder of Angelica gigas. Importantly, mRNA expression in articular cartilage of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were clearly reduced. The inflammatory cytokines in blood were also reduced as well. These results suggested that the protective effects on the degeneration of the articular cartilage was derived from the inhibitory effects of mRNA and protein expression of tested inflammatory cytokines which is linked to prevent the degradation of proteoglycan (PG), the main matrix content in articular cartilage. Meanwhile, the 2 hrs incubation of decursin, a major compound of extract powder in rat whole blood rapidely converted decursin into decursinol which shows string anti-inflammatory activity. The coverted decursinol was detected after 8 hrs in whole blood by LC-MS/MS. Conclusively, the inhibitory effects of inflammatory cytokines production in osteoarthritis may be derived from the production of decursinol, which performs against inflammatroy cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.