Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2017.22.1.50

Leaves of Raphanus sativus L. Shows Anti-Inflammatory Activity in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages via Suppression of COX-2 and iNOS Expression.  

Park, Hye-Jin (Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University)
Song, Minjung (Department of Food Biotechnology, Division of Bioindustry, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University)
Publication Information
Preventive Nutrition and Food Science / v.22, no.1, 2017 , pp. 50-55 More about this Journal
Abstract
Raphanus sativus L. (RS) is a cruciferous vegetable that is widely consumed in Korea. The anticancer activity of leaves of RS (RSL) extract has been investigated; however, no studies focused on its anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of RSL extract. In brief, RSL powder was fractionated into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water-soluble fractions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were treated with each fraction for initial screening. It was found that the chloroform fraction significantly inhibited nitric oxide release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration value of $196{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively, were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme expression decreased. Furthermore, the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), the key regulator of the transcriptional activation of the inflammatory cytokine genes, was reduced by the RSL chloroform fraction. Therefore, the results of our study suggest that RSL exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated macrophages via $NF-{\kappa}B$ inactivation.
Keywords
Raphanus sativus L.; nitric oxide; anti-inflammatory; COX-2; $NF-{\kappa}B$;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Esposito E, Di Matteo V, Benigno A, Pierucci M, Crescimanno G, Di Giovanni G. 2007. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 205: 295-312.   DOI
2 Holgate ST, Polosa R. 2008. Treatment strategies for allergy and asthma. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 218-230.   DOI
3 Rainsford KD. 2007. Anti-inflammatory drugs in the 21st century. Subcell Biochem 42: 3-27.
4 Hawkey CJ, Langman MJS. 2003. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: overall risks and management. Complementary roles for COX-2 inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors. Gut 52: 600-608.   DOI
5 Chan K, Shaw D, Simmonds MS, Leon CJ, Xu Q, Lu A, Sutherland I, Ignatova S, Zhu YP, Verpoorte R, Williamson EM, Duez P. 2012. Good practice in reviewing and publishing studies on herbal medicine, with special emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese materia medica. J Ethnopharmacol 140: 469-475.   DOI
6 Goh AR, Youn GS, Yoo KY, Won MH, Han SZ, Lim SS, Lee KW, Choi SY, Park J. 2016. Aronia melanocarpa concentrate ameliorates pro-inflammatory responses in HaCaT keratinocytes and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- induced ear edema in mice. J Med Food 19: 654-662.   DOI
7 Barillari J, Iori R, Papi A, Orlandi M, Bartolini G, Gabbanini S, Pedulli GF, Valgimigli L. 2008. Kaiware Daikon (Raphanus sativus L.) extract: a naturally multipotent chemopreventive agent. J Agric Food Chem 56: 7823-7830.   DOI
8 Lee AK, Sung SH, Kim YC, Kim SG. 2003. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-inducible nitric oxide synthase, TNF-${\alpha}$ and COX-2 expression by sauchinone effects on I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation, C/EBP and AP-1 activation. Br J Pharmacol 139: 11-20.   DOI
9 Saba E, Jeon BR, Jeong DH, Lee K, Goo YK, Kwak D, Kim S, Roh SS, Kim SD, Nah SY, Rhee MH. 2015. A novel Korean red ginseng compound gintonin inhibited inflammation by MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ pathways and recovered the levels of mir-34a and mir-93 in RAW 264.7 cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015: 624132.
10 Choi KC, Cho SW, Kook SH, Chun SR, Bhattarai G, Poudel SB, Kim MK, Lee KY, Lee JC. 2016. Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of Raphanus sativus L. in experimental ulcerative colitis models. J Ethnopharmacol 179: 55-65.   DOI
11 Mosser DM, Edwards JP. 2008. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 958-969.   DOI
12 Hanlon PR, Webber DM, Barnes DM. 2007. Aqueous extract from Spanish black radish (Raphanus sativus L. Var. niger) induces detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. J Agric Food Chem 55: 6439-6446.   DOI
13 Kim WK, Kim JH, Jeong DH, Chun YH, Kim SH, Cho KJ, Chang MJ. 2011. Radish (Raphanus sativus L. leaf) ethanol extract inhibits protein and mRNA expression of $ErbB_2$ and $ErbB_3$ in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Nutr Res Pract 5: 288-293.   DOI
14 Kim KH, Moon E, Kim SY, Choi SU, Lee JH, Lee KR. 2014. 4-Methylthio-butanyl derivatives from the seeds of Raphanus sativus and their biological evaluation on anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. J Ethnopharmacol 151: 503-508.   DOI
15 Kook SH, Choi KC, Lee YH, Cho HK, Lee JC. 2014. Raphanus sativus L. seeds prevent LPS-stimulated inflammatory response through negative regulation of the p38 MAPK-NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 23: 726-734.   DOI
16 Gutierrez R, Perez R. 2004. Raphanus sativus (radish): their chemistry and biology. Sci World J 4: 811-837.   DOI
17 Laroux FS, Pavlick KP, Hines IN, Kawachi S, Harada H, Bharwani S, Hoffman JM, Grisham MB. 2001. Role of nitric oxide in inflammation. Acta Physiol 173: 113-118.   DOI
18 Giuliano F, Warner TD. 2002. Origins of prostaglandin $E_2$: involvements of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in human and rat systems. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303: 1001-1006.   DOI
19 Lawrence T, Gilroy DW, Colville-Nash PR, Willoughby DA. 2001. Possible new role for NF-${\kappa}B$ in the resolution of inflammation. Nat Med 7: 1291-1297.   DOI
20 Surh YJ, Chun KS, Cha HH, Han SS, Keum YS, Park KK, Lee SS. 2001. Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: downregulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Mutat Res 480-481: 243-268.   DOI
21 Herlaar E, Brown Z. 1999. p38 MAPK signalling cascades in inflammatory disease. Mol Med Today 5: 439-447.   DOI
22 Kaminska B. 2005. MAPK signalling pathways as molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy-from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic benefits. Biochim Biophys Acta 1754: 253-262.   DOI
23 Kim MS, Bang JH, Lee J, Han JS, Kang HW, Jeon WK. 2016. Fructus mume ethanol extract prevents inflammation and normalizes the septohippocampal cholinergic system in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Med Food 19: 196-204.   DOI
24 Lee JC, Laydon JT, McDonnell PC, Gallagher TF, Kumar S, Green D, McNulty D, Blumenthal MJ, Keys JR, Landvatter SW, Strickler JE, McLaughlin MM, Siemens IR, Fisher SM, Livi GP, White JR, Adams JL, Young PR. 1994. A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature 372: 739-746.   DOI