• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2001

Bacteriological quality of beef carcass and distributions of pathogens in beef processing environments were investigated to improve the hygienic quality of fresh beef. Total bacterial contamination of carcass surface in slaughtering process and cutting board in cut-meat process showed 10$^{5}$ -10$^{6}$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 10$^{5}$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in summer, respectively. The viable bacterial count of cotton glove was similar to that of cutting board during and entire period of year. Microbial contamination of carcass surface, cutting board, cotton glove and deboned meat showed the highest in summer and the lowest in winter during the year. Escherichia coli O157, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella. ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus aureus, E coli, Tatumella. ptyseos, Serratia odorifera, Aero-monas sobria, Enterobacter cloacae and Flavimonas oryzihabitans were isolated from carcass surface during slaughter treatments. S. aureus, Listeria grayi and L. monocytogenes were isolated from cutting board and L. grayi, Erwinia spp. Salmonella app. and S. aureus were isolated from cotton glove in cut-meat process environments. Citrobacter freundii; L. monocytogenes; and S. aureus were isolated from deboned meat.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 1994

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of fertilizing mineral nitrogen on dry matter yield of Reed canarygrass and also to estimate proper levels of fertilizing nitrogen when uncultivated rice paddy rapidly increased these days, was used for the production if Reed canarygrass. \ulcornerhe results are as follows. 1. Relative dry matter according to cutting frequency was appeared the highest at the 2nd cut for 3 and 4 cutting frequencies, and the 3rd cut for 5 cutting frequency. Those were 43.1, 34.0 and 34.1 % respectively. 2. When using only phosphrous and potassium, the average dry matter per year and ha was between 9.0 and 12.0 tons(3, 4 and 5 cutting frequency) and the highest dry matter was shown at 5 cutting frequency. 3. In accordance to the increase in the fertilization of nitorgen, the yield of dry matter was increased and, when 30 kg/ha/cut of mineral nitrogen was added, the biggest increase rate per added nitrogen for dry matter yield per year compared to that of no fe~tilization of nitrogen was recorded and it was 2.7, 3.3, and 3.4 tons/ ha for 3, 4 and 5 cutting frequencies respectively. 4. The efficiencies of mineral nitrogen on dry matter yield(DM kg/N kg) were the highest when 30kg nitrogen was applied particularly in 3, 4 and 5 cutting frequencies(29.7, 27.2, 22.8 DM kg/N kg). It recorded the highest of all the treatments. The efficiency was actually decreased in higher application of mineral nitrogen. The total nitrogen yield efficiency was the highest in 30kg(0.45kg and 0.48kg at 4 and 5 cutting frequency) and 60kg fertilization/ha/cut (0.46kg at 3 cuting frequency) and the decreased efficiencies appeared at fertilization of higher nitrogen. 5. Economical borden of mineral nitrogen fertilization were between 199.2 and 243.3kglha at 3 cutting frequency, between 253.4 and 295.9kg at 4 cutting frequency and between 302.2 and 361.3kg at 5 cutting frequency. 6. Under the condition of this experiment, the cutting frequency leading the potential production at maximum was 3 cutting frequency. At 3 cutting frequency, the efficiency of nitrogen utilization was higher and 15 or 16 tons of dry matter was obtained which is a level of economical border at fertilization between 200 and 240kglha. It wrs possible to obtain the maximal dry matter yield(l7 tonslha) at fertilization of lower level than 400kgl ha.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.629-634
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• 2004

When it was a localized torrential downpour last year, a natural-slope fell down above a cut-slope. They were caused that stress was opened by cutting slope, ground water level rose quickly and a ground mass strength fell etc. So volume of ground mass increase because of that reasons, finally the disturbed ground was collapse. Therefore I suggest that safety of a natural-slope is a consideration, when a cut-slope is made by cutting ground.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.57-63
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• 1992

The present investigation was undertaken to determine if CO2 enrichment promoted rooting and subsequent growth of Lagerstroemia indica L. cuttings. Cutting were taken from the one-year-old semihardwood twigs, and rooted in enclosed propagation frame with enriched CO2 levels (500-2000ppm) regulated by a gas monitor. The base of each cutting was dippid from 500 to 4000ppm naphthalenacetic acid. Roothing was determined after 3 months. CO2 enrichment during roothing increased the rooting percentage and number of roots per cutting, but nontreated cuttings rooted in low percentages producing one or two roots. The length of new shoots and dry weight of whole cuttings in CO2 enrichment were significantly greater than those of the atmospheric controls. The organic and inorganic compounds concentraion were measured as an indication of nutritional state in whole cuttings. As a result of CO2 enrichment, carbohydrate, protein and inorganic compounds(total nitrogen, P2O5, K2O, CaO, MgO) concentration were higher than controls.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.943-948
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• 2006

This study carried out to investigate the effect of cutting stimulation on time of cutting, yield and length of antler in Sika deer. There was no significance between surgical stimulation and length of antler, but length was the longest in one side cutting group and the shortest in both side cutting group. Development of point was increased as the number of wounds in the second year (P<0.05). Time of casting was 2 weeks earlier in one side cutting group (P<0.05) than in both sides cutting group. Yields of velvet antler were 148±23g when pedicle was not cut, and 126±61g, 179±63g, 170g, and 48±25g when pedicle was cut by 0.3cm, 0.4cm, 0.5cm and 0.6cm thickness, respectively. In case of 0.6cm, yield was significantly smaller than others (P<0.05). The most desirable thickness of pedicle cut was 0.4～0.5mm. Yield of antler was increased as the size of wound in the first year, and 588, 790 and 657g in control, one-cut and both-cut, respectively. Yields of antler in one-cut is significantly high (P<0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.21-26
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• 2005

This study officially selected Kalopanax pictus. The root cutting and investigation conducted how the production process of the rooting ratio according to its age and its length gives some influence to the rooting ratio and what is the usage value in the effect of rooting ratio of an accelerant of plant growth and IBA treatment. The ages and ratio of rooting are one year $92.0\%$, two years $80.0\%$, and three years $67.0\%$. As shown above, one year cutting showed the highest growth. The rooting ratio by the length of the cutting-tree is $75.0\%$ in 5cm, $92.0\%$ in 10cm and $89.0\%$ in 15cm. There is a little differences according to the result of each analysis in the rooting ratio by the length of the cutting tree. Two groups having the length 10cm and 15cm showed the similar rooting ratio, while the group having the length 5cm showed that the rooting ratio is very low. The rooting ratio treated by the hormone, IBA showed that the treated group was $94\%$ and the untreated group was $92\%$. Although the treated group showed a little high rooting growth ratio, there was no significant difference. Thus, it is said that the treatment of IBA in the cutting tree is insignificant.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2006

This study carried out to investigate the effect of cutting stimulation on time of cutting, yield and length of antler in Sika deer. There was no significance between surgical stimulation and length of antler, but length was the longest in one side cutting group and the shortest in both side cutting group. Development of point was increased as the number of wounds in the second year (P<0.05). Time of casting was 2 weeks earlier in one side cutting group (P<0.05) than in both sides cutting group. Yields of antler were $148{\pm}23g$ when pedicle was not cut, and $126{\pm}61g$, $179{\pm}63g$, 170g, and $48{\pm}25g$ when pedicle was cut by 0.3cm, 0.4cm, 0.5cm and 0.6cm, respectively. The most desirable thickness of pedicle cut was 0.4-0.5mm. Yield of antler was increased as the size of wound in the first year, and 588, 790 and 657g in control, one-cut and both-cut, respectively. Yields of antler in one-cut is significantly high (P<0.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.135-140
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• 1988

This field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of cutting times (3,4 and 5 times $yr^{-1}$) and cutting heights (3, 6 and 9 cm) on the growth and dry matter(DM) yield of grasses grown under pine trees, and botanical composition of woodland pasture. The conditions of the experimental field was south direction with 30% of shade (ca. 70% of full sunlight). Annual DM yield was higher in the plots cut 4 times (6,097 kg) and 3 times (5,953 kg) than in 5 times (5,305 kg $ha^{-1}$). However, it ip considered that total nutrient yields may be not different among 3 treatments. The yield was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with higher cutting height, regardless of cutting time. The 9 cm of stubble height was very effective on both increasing DM production and seasonal distribution of DM. In botanical composition, 3 cm and 6 cm of cutting height accelerated the percentages of bareland and weeds, regardless of cutting time, particularly in summer season. However, 9 cm of stubble height maintained 80-85% of pasture grasses in all cutting times. In this experiment, therefore, cutting height was more important factor than annual cutting times for forage production and pasture longevity, and it is desirable to harvest 4-5 times per year (under this experimental field condition) with 9 cm of stubble height on woodland pasture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.238-244
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• 1995

The objective of this study is to obtain the basic data for investigating the effects of organic reserves on winter survial or regrowth yield. Forage rape(Brassica napus L.) was sown on Sep. 1, 1994. Experimental plots were divided into three replicates under 6 different cutting dates(l0 days interval from Oct. 15 to Dec. 4). Field-grown palnts were sampled on the each cutting date and on the wintering period (Jan. 16) to analyze the nitrogen and non-structural cahohydrate reserves. The rate of winter survival and regrowth yield were also measured in the spring of next year. On the before wintering, dry matter yields were 152, 274, 500, 718, 776 and 981 kg/lOa, respectively, from the cutting date on Oct. 15, Oct. 25, Nov. 4, Nov. 14, Nov. 24, and Dec. 4. Cmde protein yield significantly increased as cutting date was later until Nov. 14, thereafter a significant increase did not occured. Nitrogen and starch contents per plant significnatly increased as the cutting date was later. The increasing rate of starch was greatly higher than that of nitrogen. On the wintering period, nitrogen reserves in mts were 85.3, 68.8, 47.6, 28.3, 44.3, and 55.3 mglplant, and starch reserve were 11 1.3, 75.3, 39.3, 19.6, 26.4 and 34.6 mglplant, respectively, in the plots cut on Oct. 15, Oct. 25, Nov. 4, Nov. 14, Nov. 24, and Dec. 4. It showed that carbohydrate reserves were much highly utilized than nitrogen reserves during wintering period. The rates of winter survival were 91, 83, 46, 22, 35 and 43% and regrowth yields were 692, 545, 316, 84, 127 and 140 kgD.M/lOa, respectively, in each plots. The highly significant correlation (p<0.01) between the level of organic reserves and the rate of winter survival or regrowth yield were obtained.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2000

To develop the restoration technique from urban planted forest to natural forest, sprout growth and its effects on vegetation composition in the early stage after lumbering, were studied, using only Populus albaglandulosa of the tree layer in Chungdam Park Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul during the two years from 1997 to 1998. The results were as follow. After lumbering, the more basal areas of the parent stump, the more sprouts were generated. The basal area of parent stump was related more to biomass than to the number of sprouts. In the cutting area, biomasses of sprouts were 552.7 g?DW/㎡ in first year and 8.7 g?DW/㎡ in second year after lumbering. Therefore, cutting of sprouts in first year resulted in decrease of sprout production in second year. In the non-cutting area, biomass of sprouts was 657.4 g?DW/㎡ and more than that of the experiment. Especially, 2-year sprouts grew to a 304 cm height by the end of the growing season in the second year. The growing season of sprouts was from early April to early September and almost all the leaves of the sprouts remained at the end of the growing season. Specific leaf area decreased along with time elapse and plant height but the differences were not conspicuous. Therefore, it is thought that the reason why p. albaglandulosa sprouts grew fast was due to a long growing period and lower layer leaves which remained at the end of the growing season. In the cutting area of the P. albaglandulosa sprouts, there were no changes in the number of species in the shrub layer but an conspicuous increase in the herb layer. Coverage was no changes in the shrub layer but an increase in the herb layer. In the non-cutting area of P albaglandulosa sprouts, the number of species and the coverage changed a little, and the main species of the herb layer were Phytolacca americana, Eupatorium rugosum and Panicum dichotomiflorum, which are tall plant species.