• Title/Summary/Keyword: cutting properties

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A Study on the Restoration Effects of Vegetation Restoration Types (식생복원 유형별 복원효과 연구)

  • Kang, Hyun-Mi;Choi, Song-Hyun;Kim, Dong-Hyo;Song, Jae-Tak
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.174-187
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    • 2017
  • For the purpose of evaluating the restoration effect of vegetation, in this study, the areas where vegetation was restored had been monitored for 6 years, from 2008 to 2013. The areas were restored through some techniques by utilizing forest resources and nearby forest resources: biotope restoration method, forest topsoil paving method and small diameter trees planting method. Biotope restoration method is indicated the most similar properties to the existing natural forest just after they were restored because the forest likely to be deteriorated was transplanted. Forest topsoil paving method is expected that long-time will be taken for plants to grow to form the tree layer. However, the method is expected to acquire high restore the places of empty lands such as cutting areas. Community planting method is coverage can be increased for short time, relying on the sizes of planted trees, and the tree layer can be formed. Consequently, this method is expected to create high effect if the sizes of trees are considered after the right judgement of candidate site for restoration. This study is meaningful in that each type of restoration is monitored to observe the change of triggered by the succession process to forest. The study results can play as the reference data which can be utilized and applied to the area requiring vegetation restoration or to the area facing the damage of forest resources.

Preparation of Flakes by Extrusion Cooking Using Barley Broken Kernels (보리 파쇄립을 이용한 압출성형에 의한 후레이크 제조)

  • Choi, Hee-Don;Seog, Ho-Moon;Choi, In-Wook;Park, Mi-Won;Ryu, Gi-Hyung
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.276-282
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    • 2004
  • Barley flakes were developed by extrusion cooking using broken kernels, by-products of the barley pearling process. Broken kernels from both non-waxy and waxy barley broken kernels were sufficiently gelatinized at the barrel temperature of over $100^{\circ}C$ and the moisture content of broken kernels of over 35%. Cutting and flaking roll separating properties of pellets prepared from non-waxy barley broken kernels were better than those of waxy barley broken kernels. Characteristics of pellets prepared by extrusion cooking in different mixing ratios of non-waxy and waxy barley broken kernels were investigated. As the mixing ratio of waxy barley broken kernels increased, RVA peak viscosity, apparent viscosity, and yield stress of prepared pellets decreased, while flow behavior index increased. As the mixing ratio of waxy barley broken kernels increased, compressive strength and bulk density of deep-fat fried flakes drastically decreased, and the size of air cells on cross-section increased, and thickness of cell-constituting bodies decreased. Sensory evaluation results showed that acceptability for texture and taste of flakes inclosed as the mixing ratio of waxy barley broken kernels increased, and optimum mixing level of waxy barley broken kernels appeared to be 30-40%.

Meat quality characteristics of pork bellies in relation to fat level

  • Hoa, Van-Ba;Seol, Kuk-Hwan;Seo, Hyun-Woo;Seong, Pil-Nam;Kang, Sun-Moon;Kim, Yun-Seok;Moon, Sung-Sil;Kim, Jin-Hyoung;Cho, Soo-Hyun
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.34 no.10
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    • pp.1663-1673
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    • 2021
  • Objective: Pork belly is considered as the most commercially important and preferable primal cut by consumers worldwide. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of fat levels on the meat quality characteristics of pork bellies. Methods: Seventy-eight growing-finishing pigs collected from different commercial pig farms were slaughtered and used in the present study. After slaughter 24 h, bellies were fabricated according to the Korean Pork Cutting Specification, and immediately sampled for analysis of their fat content. Based on the fat levels, the bellies were segregated into three different groups: low fat (LF, fat ≤20%, n = 15), medium fat (MF, fat 21% to 30%, n = 30), and high fat (HF, fat ≥31%, n = 33). The bellies were then analyzed for meat quality traits, fatty acids, flavor compounds and eating quality properties. Results: The HF group had lower moisture and cooking loss levels compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The LF group presented higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The LF group showed higher amounts of the Maillard reaction-derived flavor compounds (e.g., 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl, and 4-methylthiazole) associated with meaty and roasty flavors whereas, the HF group showed higher amounts of oleic acid- derived compounds (e.g., nonanal and octanal) associated with the fatty and oily flavors. Interestingly, significantly higher scores for all the eating quality attributes (flavor, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptance) were found in the HF group compared to those in the LF or MF group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The high-fat bellies (fat ≥31%) had a better technological quality and eating quality compared to the low-fat bellies (fat ≤20%). Thus, increasing the fat content may improve the technological quality and eating quality traits of pork bellies, however, this increase may also result in more trimmed loss due to excessively deposited body fat.

The development of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean population: Lessons and challenges (2020 한국인 영양소 섭취기준 제·개정: 교훈과 도전)

  • Kwon, Oran;Kim, Hyesook;Kim, Jeongseon;Hwang, Ji-Yun;Lee, Jounghee;Yoon, Mi Ock
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.54 no.5
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    • pp.425-434
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    • 2021
  • The discovery of the relationship between nutrients and deficiency diseases during the 100 years from the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s was a breakthrough that led to advances in the study of nutrition. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) were created as a quantitative standard for avoiding diseases caused by nutrient deficiency. In addition, a reductionism paradigm has become generally accepted among nutrition scholars in health and disease, which focused on the properties of individual nutrients, content in foods, cellular levels, and mechanisms of action. The reductionist paradigm worked very well for the prevention and treatment of malnutrition diseases. However, as the incidence of nutrient deficiencies decreased and that of chronic diseases increased, the nutrition goals have been changed to secure safe and adequate nutrient intake and to reduce chronic disease risks. Accordingly, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), a set of nutrient-based reference values, were designed to replace the RDA. The revised Korean DRIs were published for 40 nutrients in 2020. However, there is still room for improvement in the reference intake levels targeted at reducing the risk of chronic disease. The reductionist approach can no longer be practical because chronic diseases are related to the interactions between multi-components in the foods and multi-targets in the body. Therefore, a second innovative leap is needed following the nutrition development breakthrough made over 100 years ago. To this end, the nutrition paradigm must evolve from reductionism to a holism approach. Cutting-edge scientific technologies, such as metabolomics, transcriptomics, microbiomics, and bioinformatics, should also be acceptable in nutrition science based on the knowledge gained from basic nutrition studies.

Visual Log Grading and Evaluation of Lamina Yield for Manufacturing Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Pitch Pine (리기다소나무 원목형질 조사 및 구조용집성재 제조 수율 평가)

  • Shim, Sangro;Yeo, Hwanmyeong
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.90-95
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    • 2004
  • Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) has been planted in Korean forests for several decades, primarily for erosion control and use as a fuel supply. To enhance its value, and especially potential use as lamina for structural glued laminated timber (glulam), log quality and lumber yield of pitch pine were evaluated in this study. Trees from pure pitch pine stands with an average diameter at breast height of 32 cm were felled and bucked into 3.6m long 15 cm minimum butt-end diameter logs. Over 80% of the logs were classified to No.2 or No.3 visual grade group. Upon sawing total lumber yield was 55.2%, 39.9% for structural glulam lamina, 7.2% for louver, and 8.1% for miscellaneous use. The final lumber yield for manufacturing structural glulam, after cross-cutting to eliminate knots and finger jointing, was only 15.3%. To enhance this manufacturing yield requires that the rate of knot-included lumber used as lamina be raised. However arrangement of the knot-included lamina, whose mechanical properties need to be accurately evaluated, must be optimized to minimize any reduction to the structural glulam strength. The log quality and lumber yield of pitch pine evaluated in this study are expected to facilitate proper planning for wood product manufacture in the Korean lumbering and glulam industrial field, which has not previously dealt with this species.

Physico-Chemical Properties and Composition of Venison in Deer Breeds. (사슴 품종별 녹육의 이화학적 특성에 관한 연구)

  • 이길왕
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.525-530
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    • 2004
  • This study has been performed to examine physico-chemical properties and composition of venison in Deer breeds. According the results, moisture content in the venison ranged between 74% and 75%, and there were no significant differences among the breeds, or among the cutting parts. Fat content in the meats was estimated as less than 1% except in loin, protein contents was estimated as more than 22%, and ash content was estimated as more than 1.5%. For the contents of inorganic material in the loin, Fe$^{3+}$ content was higher in Elk than in other breeds, the contents of $Cu^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$were higher in Red deer than in others, and the contents of $Fe^{3+}$, $K^{+}$, and $P^{+}$ were higher in Sika deer than in others. For the contents of inorganic material in the leg, the contents of $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were higher in Elk than in other breeds, the contents of $Fe^{3+}$ and$P^{+}$ were higher in Red deer than in others, and the contents of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$were higher in Sika deer than in others. Amino acid contents in the venison alanine, proline, glycine, lycine and histidine were highly contained. and the contents of asparagine, cysteine, isoleucine and threonine were low. For the differences of amino acid contents among the breeds, the level was the higher in Sika deer than those of others. For the fatty acid in loin, the contents of myristic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid in Sika deer were higher than those of others, the contents of myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and arachidonic acid in Red deer were higher than those of others and in Elk, the contents of palmitic acid and stearic acid were higher than those of others. For the contents of unsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the level was higher in Red deer than those of others. For the fatty acid in leg, the contents of oleic acid, linolenic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonine acid in Sika deer were higher than those of others, the contents of myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid in Red deer were higher than those of others and in Elk, the contents of stearic acid and linolenic acid were higher than those of others. For the contents of saturated fatty acid, the level was lowest in Sika deer. For the contents of unsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids were respectively highest in Sika deer. Comparing the contents inorganic materials between loin and leg, the concentrations in leg were generally higher than that of loin.n.

Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidative Activity of Napa Cabbage Pickle (저장기간 동안 배추 피클의 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성 분석)

  • Son, Hae-Reon;Oh, Sun-Kyung;Bae, Sang-Ok;Choi, Myeong-Rak
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.26 no.11
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    • pp.1275-1281
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    • 2016
  • The principal objective of this fundamental research was to analyze the physicochemical properties the and antioxidative activity of Napa cabbage pickle (NCP) for development of low-salt pickles. NCP-1 was a smaller than NCP at amount soy sauce (10%). The pH of NCP and NCP-1 were $4.51{\pm}0.15$, $4.85{\pm}0.08$ immediately after preparation. The pH of NCP and NCP-1 was reduced to $4.08{\pm}0.05$ and $4.31{\pm}0.12$ over time during 60 days of storage. The acidity of the NCP and NCP-1 immediately after preparation were 0.51% and 0.38% and increased to 0.67% and 0.56% after 60 days of storage. The salinity for the NCP ranged from 1.71-2.22% and NCP-1 ranged from 1.18-1.63%. The L value, which indicates the lightness, was the highest at day 0 and the lowest at 60 day. The tensile strength value of NCP was $10.9{\pm}0.05kgf/cm^2$ and NCP-1 in $11.84{\pm}0.11kgf/cm^2$ at day 0 and then significantly decreased with time in storage. The cutting force of NCP was $1004{\pm}7.12gf/cm^2$ and NCP-1 in $845{\pm}5.27gf/cm^2$ at day 0, which increased over time in storage. The overall acceptability of NCP was the highest at day 30, but the overall acceptability of NCP-1 was the highest at day 45. NCP-1 extracts at day 60 showed the highest antioxidant activity of 66.04%, whereas the NCP extract at day 0 showed the lowest antioxidant activity of 45.41%. These results showed that depending on the content of the seasoning pickle difference in the antioxidant activity. Thus, the best pickled Napa cabbage is determined by a smaller amount soy sauce in NCP-1, and the results could provide a basis for improving the availability and quality of Napa cabbage.

Anatomical and Physical Properties of Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida Miller) - The Characteristics of Stem, Branch, Root and Topwood - (리기다소나무(Pinus rigida Miller)의 목재해부학적(木材解剖學的) 및 물리학적성질(物理學的性質)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) - 간(幹), 지(枝), 근(根), 초두목(梢頭木)의 특성(特性)을 중심(中心)으로 -)

  • Lee, Phil Woo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.33-62
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    • 1972
  • Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Miller) in Korea has become one of the major silvicultural species for many years since it was introduced from the United States of America in 1907. To attain the more rational wood utilization basical researches on wood properties are primarily needed, since large scale of timber production from Pitch Pine trees has now been accomplishing in the forested areast hroughout the country. Under the circumustances, this experiment was carried out to study the wood anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of Pitch Pine grown in the country. Materials used in this study had been prepared by cutting the selected pitch pine trees from the Seoul National University Forests located in Suwon. To obtain and compare the anatomical and physical properties of the different parts of tree such as stem, branch, top and rootwood, this study had been divided into two categories (anatomical and physical). For the anatomical study macroscopical and microscopical features such as annual ring, intercellular cannal, ray, tracheid, ray trachid, ray parenchyma cell and pit etc. were observed and measured by the different parts (stem, branch, root and topwood) of tree. For the physical and mechanical properties the moisture content of geen wood, wood specific gravity, shrinkage, compression parallel to the grain, tension parallel and perpendicular to the grain, radial and tangential shear, bending, cleavage and hardness wree tested. According to the results this study may be concluded as follows: 1. The most important comparable features in general properties of wood among the different parts of tree were distinctness and width of annual ring, transition from spring to summerwood, wood color, odor and grain etc. In microscopical features the sizes of structural elements of wood were comparable features among the parts of tree. Among their features, length, width and thickness of tracheids, resin ducts and ray structures were most important. 2. In microscopical features among the different parts of tree stem and topwood were shown simillar reults in tissues. However in rootwood compared with other parts on the tangential surface distinctly larger ray structures were observed and measured. The maximum size of unseriate ray was attained to 27 cell ($550{\mu}$) height in length and 35 microns in width. Fusiform rays were formed occasionally the connected ray which contain one or several horizontal cannals. Branchwood was shown the same features like stemwood but the measured values were very low in comparing with other parts of tree. 3. Trachid length measured among the different parts of tree were shown largest in stem and shortest in branchwood. In comparing the tracheid length among the parts the differences were not shown only between stem and rootwood, but shown between all other parts of tree. Trachid diameters were shown widest in rootwood and narrowest in branchwood, and the differences among the different parts were not realized. Wall thickness were shown largest value in rootwood and smallest in branchwood, and the differences were shown between root and top or branchwood, and between stem and branch or top wood, but not shown between other parts of tree. 4. Moisture contents of green wood were shown highest in topwood and lowest in heartwood of stem. The differences among the different parts were recognized between top or heartwood and other parts of tree, but not between root and branchwood or root and sapwood. 5. Wood specific gravities were shown highest in stem and next order root and branchwood, but lowest in topwood. The differences were shown clearly between stemwood and other parts of tree, but not root and branchwood. However the significant difference is realized as most lowest value in topwood. 6. In compression strength parallel to the grain compared among the different parts of tree at the 14 percent of moisture content, highest strength was appeared in stem, next order branch and rootwood, but lowest in topwood. 7. In bending strength compared among the different parts of tree at the 14 percent of moisture content clearly highest strength was shown in branchwood, next order stem and root, but lowest in topwood. Though the branchwood has lower specific gravity than stemwood it was shown clearly high bending strength.

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Chemical Properties on the Quality of Marketed Roasting Green teas (시판 덖음녹차의 품질에 따른 이화학적 특성)

  • 신미경;장미경;서은숙
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.356-361
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    • 1995
  • This study was conducted to know the quality of marketed green teas which were devided into high, middle and low grade according to the price. we examined the content of water, ash, total nitrogen, tannin, caffeine, chlorophyll and color value and did sensory evaluation. The results were as follows: 1) The content of water was 2.17-3.67% and content of ash was 4.50-5.17%, there were no significant difference in each grade. 2) The content of total nitrogen was 4.38% in high grade, 4.60% in middle grade and 4.68% in low grade. 3) The content of tannin was 11.09% in high grade, 14.22% in middle grade and 14.44% in low grade, middle and low grade were significantly higher than high grade. 4) The nitrogen rate to tannin (N/T) was 39.5% in high grade, 32.6% in middle grade and 32.70% in low grade, N/T rate of high grade was significantly highest than others. 5) The content of caffeine is 1.78% in high grade, 1.32% in middle grade and 0.92% in low grade, high and middle grade were significantly higher than low grade. 6) The content of total chlorophyll is 297.37 mg% in high grade, 192.89 mg% in middle grade and 204.79 mg% in low grade, chlorophyll a was 69.23 mg% in high grade, 51.99 mg% in middle grade and 63.42 mg% in low grade, and chlorophyll b was 228.47 mg% in high grade, 131.21 mg% in middle grade and 141.63 mg% in low grade. 7) Yellow value of high and middle grade were significantly higher than low grade, but blue and red value were no significant diffrence in groups. 8) In sensory evaluation, appearance, taste, odor of high grade were better than others and total score was 15.25 in high grade, 12.97 in middle grade and 9.80 in low grade. 9) Price had a positive correlation with caffeine, appearance and taste, but a negative correlation with tannine. NT rate had a negative correlation with tannine, but a positive correlation with caffeine.

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A Study on processing of medicinal on medical books of before Han(漢)dynasty (한대(漢代) 이전의 의적(醫籍)을 통한 '포제(炮制)'의 연구)

  • Kim, Sung-Cheol;Ha, Hong-Ki;Kim, Ki-Wook
    • Journal of Korean Medical classics
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.157-174
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    • 2011
  • We derived following result by organizing research about processing of medicinal of before Han(漢) dynesty. The human being intake of natural substance for the purpose of treatment was what happened later than the use of natural substance as food. According to the record of by the early years of Shang(商) dynasty, we can assume that we cooked food with water and fire. The reason why there is no appearance of common production that can be included under the name of 'Tang Ye(湯液)' in the medical record discovered from Ma Wang Dui(馬王堆) is because 'Tang Ye' was yet developed. However, as the presentation of format of medicine process, there was gradual formation of medicinal fluid concept. There are quite of records on major details of cloth manufacture like washing and selection, grinding, processing of medicine from the recordings of "Wu Shi Er Bing Fang(五十二病方)", "Yang Sheng Fang(養生方)", "Za Liao Fang(雜療方)" discovered at Ma Wang Dui. It used words like 'Ze(擇)', 'Qu(去)' for the selection and 'Jiu(酒)', 'Zhuo(濯)' for the wash as a process method before cloth manufacture. When filter the processed medicine, it used words like 'Zhuo(捉)', 'Suo(索)', 'Jun(浚)' and used 'Yin Gan(陰乾)', 'Bao(暴)', 'Yang(暘)' for dry. The 'cutting(切削)' that crushes the medicine used different names based on the properties of medicines. The most frequent crush is 'Ye(冶)' and it means the powered medicine after dry. There was thermal process of mild fire(微火) and heating of 'Wen(溫)'. There are many states of medicine seen from the medical record discovered at Ma Wang Dui so they can be said as original medicine. 藥末劑 is relatively commercialized type then. Here, it includes later 湯劑 but there was no name such as 'decoction(湯)' or 'decoction of medical ingredients(湯液)'. Also, 'Fu Ju(㕮咀)' is the transformation of what was 'Fu Qie(父且)' at "Ja Liao Fang" of medical books of Ma Wang Dui with time flow. The original meaning of 'Fu Qie(父且)' is 'Fu Zu(斧俎)' and it means the crushing medicine with axe. The most important thing among the medical books of Han dynasty is "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(神農本草經)" and "Shang Han Za Bing Lun(傷寒雜病論)" of Zhang Zhong Jing(張仲景). "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing" mentioned the dry method of medicine, collection and process production time, cooked and uncooked use of medicine and there are several types of medicine. Other than those, it mentioned 'Seven methods of combining herbs(七情合和)' to address cautions for combining medicines. Therefore, the 'processing of medicinal' in east Han dynasty period entered the theoretical step. However, there is only little recording on cloth manufacture of detailed medicine. From the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun" of Zhang Zhong Jing, the development in the way of 'processing of medicinal' reveled the cloth manufacture for each medicine. This tradition is continued until today and so it presents the development of purpose of 'processing of medicinal' is to greatly present the effect of medicine and to reduce the side-effect.