• International Commerce and Information Review
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.127-152
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• 2017

One of the biggest challenges in export activities of SME is the increasingly cultural diversity that requires especially export managers to adapt their doing business in many different kinds of cross-cultural situations effectively. A relative newly developed concept 'Cultural Intelligence' has been evaluated as a key element for the success in international business activities. This study aims to investigate empirically the role of Cultural Intelligence(CQ), one component of cultural competence, on export marketing adaptation. The statistical method used to test the hypotheses was Structural Equation Modeling using PLS. The results of this study are follows. The moderating role of Cultural Intelligence between information seeking and information using abilities is more stronger in marketing rather than relationship adaptation. Cultural Intelligence moderates between them. Critical factors affecting Cultural Intelligence are also discussed; foreign language fluency, business travels in abroad, characteristics of the business travels, multi-lingual ability, pre-education related cultural subjects, and visit experience in foreign countries. Especially, export managers' foreign language ability leads to much stronger influence on cultural intelligence. The result of the empirical study provides important implications for export SME and export supporting organizations. Export firms and supporting organizations must expand programs widely in multi cultural training and education to help managers gain a better understanding in a various export environment.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2014

The number of multicultural families with children are growing in South Korea. When it comes to childrearing, co-existence of two different cultures in these families pose unique challenges as husbands and wives navigate differences in norms and practices. The goal of this study was to examine what predicts involvement in child care among South Korean fathers in multicultural families. We hypothesized that the degree of wives' adaptation to South Korea and husbands' cultural characteristics, such as family ideology and cultural competence, would influence father involvement in child care. The sample consisted of 138 Korean fathers and their wives from China. Participants completed a questionnaire. Results showed that South Korean fathers engaged in a moderate level of child care activities. As hypothesized, their Chinese wives' level of adaptation to South Korea and their own cultural characteristics were significantly associated with their involvement in child care. South Korean fathers were more likely to get involved in child care when their wives were less acculturated. Also, culturally considerate and less traditional men in terms of family ideology were more likely to perform child care.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.544-552
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• 2016

In this study, the self-esteem by grasping the adaptation state of the stress and school multi-cultural youth, social support, and analyzed the changes that appear in response to them coping with stress. By utilizing the structural equations for that, this study analyzed the relationship between the adaptation to stress and school multi-cultural youth, in terms of coping with stress, social support, and examined the effect of adjusting the self-esteem of the parameters. The results of this study were as follows. Stress multi-cultural youth, social support and self-esteem are affected. On the other hand, a significant effect on coping with stress was not detected. Subsequently, to cope with the stress analyzed, social support, self-esteem effects of the defined parameters revealed a relationship between the adaptation to all stresses and school life.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.21-43
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine cultural differences and related difficulties which KoreanChinese women in Korean society experience at work and the different styles of their cultural adaptation. For this, semi-structured interviews consisting of questions related to these issues were conducted on 17 Korean-Chinese women living in the metropolitan area (average age: 34, SD = 9.25, average stay in Korea = 4 years, SD = 2.24). After analysis of qualitative data based on Giorgi's(1985) method of phenomenological analysis, a total of 225 significant statements were found and those were grouped into 23 subcategories, which were then grouped again into 9 categories. Cultural differences and related difficulties appeared in identity, verbal communication, political and economic aspects, and relational and sexual affairs. It was also revealed that Korean-Chinese women adapted in the three ways of Active, Passive, and Avoident. Lastly, various social actions that can aid the adaptation of Korean-Chinese women to Korea based on these results were discussed.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2020

This study examines the North Korean defectors' economic and psychological adjustment status in South Korean society focusing on the specificity of North Korean defectors with the social integration perspective. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 225 North Korean defectors in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do and conducted analysis using the SPSS 22.0 program. The results of the study are as follows. First, the economic adaptation of North Korean defectors was evaluated to be generally low. Second, North Korean refugees' psychological and social adjustment status is generally lower than average, especially cultural adaptation stress, friendship, and satisfaction with physical and mental health. Third, the psychological and cultural adaptation strategy and social support of defectors affected the life satisfaction positively and the adaptation stress had significant negative impact on life satisfaction. Therefore, strategies which reducing adaptive stress and enhancing psychological and cultural adaptation strategies are needed to be implemented in South Korean society. Based on results, policy alternatives were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• 제57호
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• pp.83-112
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the mediating effects of spiritual well-being and ego resilience in the association between parent-child relationships and cultural adaption among children from multi-cultural families. For this purpose, surveys were administered to 4th to 6th graders in 200 elementary schools (150 multi-culturally focused and 50 in preparation for multi-cultural education) located in seven provinces in Korea. For the current study, we analyzed data collected from 706 children in 119 schools by utilizing structural equation modeling. To verify the mediating effects and its significance, a Sobel test was conducted. The results showed that parent-child relationships within the multi-cultural families was positively and significantly associated with spiritual well-being and ego-resilience in children, but not with children's cultural adaptation. Also, the results of the Sobel test showed significant mediating effects of spiritual well-being and ego-resilience in children in the association between parent-child relationships and children's cultural adaptation. Based on these results, policy and practice implications for children from multi-cultural families are suggested.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.242-253
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to assess immigrant women's needs for pregnancy and postpartum adaptation and to test the reliability and validity of the scale. Methods: To construct scale items, critical issues and difficulties associated with pregnancy and postpartum adaptation of immigrant women were identified and categorized through a literature review. Fifty-two scale items were constructed, and data for validity and reliability testing was collected with a questionnaire survey from 367 immigrant women. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and reliability coefficients. Results: The final measurement scale to assess immigrant women's pregnancy and postpartum adaptation consisted of 48 items and 7 factors (adaptation to daily activity during pregnancy, cross-cultural understanding and personal respect, understanding of the process of pregnancy and delivery, baby rearing and family support, physical and emotional adaptation after childbirth, nutrition during pregnancy, and sexual life adaptation). The seven factors accounted for 64.26% of the variance, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .96. Conclusion: The scale developed by this study is a reliable and valid instrument and can be used to assess needs of pregnancy and postpartum adaptation and can be utilized in providing nursing interventions for immigrant women.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.310-326
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• 2016

A lot of colleges have made continued efforts to help freshmen adapt themselves to a new school life and environment and build a decent relationship with faculty and other students. Therefore, this study attempted to figure out the effectiveness of team teaching(team teaching by academic advisor, standard textbook-centered guidance vs. autonomous mentoring) on strategic cultural curriculum as a way to help freshmen adapt themselves to a school life. For research subjects, 31 enrolled freshmen and 5 professors from a college in Chungbuk were selected. In terms of research tools, 'Communication Competence Assessment Sheet' provided by Strategic Cultural Curriculum Development Team and a simple questionnaire on 'curriculum satisfaction, adaptation to school and intimacy' were applied. For data analysis, paired t-test, independent samples t-test and rating scale were conducted. The study results found the followings: First, according to analysis on the effects of two different types of team teaching on the goal of strategic cultural curriculum('improvement of communication competence'), significant effects were found in a standard curriculum(textbook)-centered team. Second, when adaptation to a school life(school adaptation, intimacy) perceived by the students who completed the strategic cultural curriculum according to two different types of team teaching curriculum was analyzed, significant changes were found at standard textbook-centered guidance team. Third, this study has examined other changes, satisfaction, opinions and perception(strength, weakness, opinions for improvement) on the curriculum perceived by the students(learners) and faculty regarding about team teaching curriculum. Based on these results, educational implications of this study were reviewed. And a suggestion and limits were presented.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.185-196
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to describe initial adaptation processing of North Korean refugee children & Adolescents. Four children, four adolescents and Five faculties were participated in depth-interview. Results indicate that North Korean refugee children and adolescents have difficulties in adaptation. They have problems such as insufficient learning proficiency, confusion in curriculum, cultural gap, difficulty in making a friend, destruction in the family. But at the same time, we found out their unique and positive aspect which might help to overcome their problems. In conclusion, specific concerns and policies should be provided to support their school achievement and social adaptation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2015

Purpose: The process of designing a questionnaire is complicated. Many questionnaires on nursing phenomena have been developed and used by nursing researchers. The purpose of this paper was to discuss questionnaire design and factors that should be considered when using existing scales. Methods: Methodological issues were discussed, such as factors in the design of questions, steps in developing questionnaires, wording and formatting methods for items, and administrations methods. How to use existing scales, how to facilitate cultural adaptation, and how to prevent socially desirable responding were discussed. Moreover, the triangulation method in questionnaire development was introduced. Results: Steps were recommended for designing questions such as appropriately operationalizing key concepts for the target population, clearly formatting response options, generating items and confirming final items through face or content validity, sufficiently piloting the questionnaire using item analysis, demonstrating reliability and validity, finalizing the scale, and training the administrator. Psychometric properties and cultural equivalence should be evaluated prior to administration when using an existing questionnaire and performing cultural adaptation. Conclusion: In the context of well-defined nursing phenomena, logical and systematic methods will contribute to the development of simple and precise questionnaires.