• Title/Summary/Keyword: cultivated soybean

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Studies on the soybean varieties in Korea. -IV relationships between the seed yields and some characteristics on the several sowing dates- (대두의 품종에 관한 연구 -제4보 파종기별 수량과 제특성과의 관계-)

  • Kwon-Yawl Chang
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.2
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    • pp.30-37
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    • 1964
  • Experiments were carried out to clarify the relationships between seed yields and some ecological characteristics, seed yields and some morphological characteristics, and the relationships among the varietal yields on the several sowing plots when grown under different climatic conditions. Twenty-four soybean varieties were used as the material, selected at random from 138 varieties which were cultivated the year before. These varieties were grown in the Experimental Farm, Chinju Agricultural College, Kyung Sang Namdo, Korea, and seed sowing was conducted at 5 times, from April to July, in 1962 and 1963. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Correlations between seed yields and some ecological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 1. Among some ecological characteristics, it was observed that there wert close relationships between seed yields and days to flowering, and between seed yields and the total growing length, except on the late sowing, i.e. July sowing plots, However, there was no clear correlation between seed yields and durations of flowering, and between seed yields and days from flowering to maturity. 2. Correlations between seed yields and some morphological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 2. From this table, it was also observed that there were some close relationships between seed yields and branch number for plant, stem diameter, plant weight, pod number per plant, and grain number per plant, but there was no clear relationship between seed yields and stem length, and between seed yields and 100 grain weight, on every sowing plot. 3. Relations between varietal yields and the sowing dates are shown in Table 3. Our leading varieties such as Ulsan, Sangdoo, Changdan Backmok, Iksan, Haman, Barchongdeo, and Anion Daerip, which belong to the maturity groups of IV, V, and VI, have been significantly high in yield at each sowing date plot, but the extreme early varieties, that frequently are damaged by insects, moisture and diseases, and the extreme late varieties, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, are showed a lower yield than the others. However, extreme early varieties, for instance, Black Hawk, an American variety, and Chung Buk Baek, a Korean early variety, showed high productivity on the late sowing, June and July sowing plots, and Do san No. 6, which is late Japanese variety, showed a high yield on the extreme early sowing, i.e. April sowing plots. 4. Relations between seed yields and the sowing dates on the varietal bases are shown in Table 4. It was observed that, the early varieties did not differ much in yields at the various sowing dates while the yields of late varieties decreased progressively with subsequent dates. However, the extreme late varieties, such as Tamanishiki, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, may be difficult to harvest at this location. The results in these experiments showed that in most cases maximum yields were obtained when leading varieties, which are medium or late varieties, were shown in Mid-May, and progressively lower yields were produced from June and July sowings. On the other hand, the late sowings of the early varieties, such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek, in these experiments showed favorable yields compared with the others. From these results, we can predict that our local medium or late varieties produce higher yields at this location than was produced by early varieties in most of the sowing dates, especially the May sowing, and early varieties such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek should be used in the late sowing, June sowing time.

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Studies on the soybean varieties in Korea -III. Relationships between the ecotypes and various characteristics- (대두의 품종에 관한 연구 -제3보 생태형과 제 특성간 그리고 수량과 제 특성간의 관계-)

  • Kwon-Yawl Chang
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.2
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    • pp.27-29
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    • 1964
  • Experiments were carried out to clarify the relationships between seed yields and some ecological characteristics, seed yields and some morphological characteristics, and the relationships among the varietal yields on the several sowing plots when grown under different climatic conditions. Twenty-four soybean varieties were used as the material, selected at random from 138 varieties which were cultivated the year before. These varieties were grown in the Experimental Farm, Chinju Agricultural College, Kyung Sang Namdo, Korea, and seed sowing was conducted at 5 times, from April to July, in 1962 and 1963. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Correlations between seed yields and some ecological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 1. Among some ecological characteristics, it was observed that there wert close relationships between seed yields and days to flowering, and between seed yields and the total growing length, except on the late sowing, i.e. July sowing plots, However, there was no clear correlation between seed yields and durations of flowering, and between seed yields and days from flowering to maturity. 2. Correlations between seed yields and some morphological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 2. From this table, it was also observed that there were some close relationships between seed yields and branch number for plant, stem diameter, plant weight, pod number per plant, and grain number per plant, but there was no clear relationship between seed yields and stem length, and between seed yields and 100 grain weight, on every sowing plot. 3. Relations between varietal yields and the sowing dates are shown in Table 3. Our leading varieties such as Ulsan, Sangdoo, Changdan Backmok, Iksan, Haman, Barchongdeo, and Anion Daerip, which belong to the maturity groups of IV, V, and VI, have been significantly high in yield at each sowing date plot, but the extreme early varieties, that frequently are damaged by insects, moisture and diseases, and the extreme late varieties, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, are showed a lower yield than the others. However, extreme early varieties, for instance, Black Hawk, an American variety, and Chung Buk Baek, a Korean early variety, showed high productivity on the late sowing, June and July sowing plots, and Do san No. 6, which is late Japanese variety, showed a high yield on the extreme early sowing, i.e. April sowing plots. 4. Relations between seed yields and the sowing dates on the varietal bases are shown in Table 4. It was observed that, the early varieties did not differ much in yields at the various sowing dates while the yields of late varieties decreased progressively with subsequent dates. However, the extreme late varieties, such as Tamanishiki, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, may be difficult to harvest at this location. The results in these experiments showed that in most cases maximum yields were obtained when leading varieties, which are medium or late varieties, were shown in Mid-May, and progressively lower yields were produced from June and July sowings. On the other hand, the late sowings of the early varieties, such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek, in these experiments showed favorable yields compared with the others. From these results, we can predict that our local medium or late varieties produce higher yields at this location than was produced by early varieties in most of the sowing dates, especially the May sowing, and early varieties such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek should be used in the late sowing, June sowing time.

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Phytophagous Insect Fauna of Dicotyledoneae(Tracheophyta : Angiospermae) Weeds (쌍자엽 식물아강(관속식물문 : 피자식물강)의 잡초가해 곤충상)

  • ;;Patrick J.Shea
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.496-508
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    • 1992
  • Phytophagous insects associated with Dicotyledoneae weeds and host specificities in the field populations were investigated for the survey of biological control agents of weeds in Korea. Fifty four weed species in 39 genera were collected during the survey. The most insects were collected from Polygonales by 24 species in 22 genera and followed by Urticales and Centrospermales by 17 species of 17 genera. The insects collected in the other weed orders were ranged from 1 to 12 species. Out of 17 insect species collected in Urticales, Baris sp. damaged the leaves of Hamulus japonicus in Cannabinaceae as scattered holeshape and showed host specificity. In Polygonaceae, Rumex japonicus and R. crispus were severely damaged by Aphis rumicis and Gastrophysa atrocyanea. G. atrocyanea leaf beetle had host specificity on R. japonicus and ate all the leaves except veins. The leaf beetle, Lypesthes japonicus was a potential biological control agent by feeding leaves of Persicaria spp .. And Lixus spp. were also often collected from Persicaria spp .. Liothrips vaneeckei was first collected from weed, P. modosa. P. senticosa was damaged by unidentified geometrid moth larvae and P. perfoiliata by Miarus atricolor snout beetle. Cassida piperata damaged leaves of Chenopodium album of Centrospermales and showed host specificity. In a soybean field, C. album and Amaranthus mangostanus were severely damaged by Spodoptera litura larvae which were eating soybean leaves. This phenomenon indicates that the presence of weed in cultivated land influences the outbreak of insect pests. Altica oleracea leaf beetle was frequently collected from Oenothera spp. of Onagraceae in Myrtales. Aphis gossyphi was outbroken on Solanum nigrum and Phylliodes brettinghami leaf beetle was first recorded on the same plant. Leaf beetles, Longitarsus scutellais and Hemipyxis plagioderoides were first collected from Plantago asiatica of Plantaginaceae in Plantaginales. They showed host specificities in the fields. The hemipterans were collected from many weeds during the survey and their roles on weeds should be investigated. A tractomorpha bedeli was also collected from many kinds of weeds in forest areas.

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Estimating carbon uptake in forest and agricultural ecosystems of Korea and other countries using eddy covariance flux data (에디 공분산 기반의 플럭스 타워 관측자료를 이용한 국내외 산림과 농업 생태계 탄소 흡수량 분석)

  • Lee, Bora;Kang, Wanmo;Kim, Choong-Ki;Kim, Gieun;Lee, Chang-Hoon
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.127-139
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    • 2017
  • Measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of $CO_2$ based on the eddy covariance technique provide reasonable carbon balance estimates in response to local environmental conditions. In South Korea, the forest ecosystems cover approximately 64% of the total area, thereby strongly affecting regional carbon balances. Cultivated croplands that cover about 17% of the total area should also be considered when calculating the carbon balance of the country. In this study, our objectives were (a) to quantify the range and seasonal variation of NEE at forest ecosystems, including deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests, and agricultural ecosystems, including rice paddies and a potato field, in South Korea and (b) to compare NEE at ten Fluxnet sites that have the same or similar ecosystems as found in South Korea. The results showed that the forest and agricultural ecosystems were carbon sinks. In Korea, NEE at the forest ecosystems varied between -31 and $-362gC/m^2/yr$, and NEE at the croplands ranged from -210 to $-248gC/m^2/growing$ season. At the deciduous forest, NEE reached low values in late spring, early summer, and early autumn, while at the coniferous forest, it reached low values in spring, early summer, and mid autumn. The young mixed forest was a much stronger carbon sink than the old-growth deciduous and coniferous forests. During each crop growing season, beet had the lowest NEE value within six crops, followed by wither wheat, maize, rice, potato, and soybean. These results will be useful for designing and applying management strategies for the reduction of $CO_2$ emissions.

Influence of Heavy Metal Contents in Soils Near Old Zinc-Mining Sites on the Growth of Corn (아연광산 인근 토양중의 중금속 함량이 옥수수 생육에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Jong-Pal;Park, No-Kwuan;Kim, Bok-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.241-250
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    • 1994
  • This research was carried out to investigate how the growth of corn was affected by the heavy metal contents in soils near the old zinc-mining sites, by analyzing correlation between the growth of corn and heavy metal contents in soils collected from Yonghari Ilwoulmyun YongyangGun in Kyeongpook province in 1993. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The contents of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and as in the Youngyang area were very high compared with those in a normal area. Heavy metal contents in soils collected from $2.0{\sim}2.5Km$ distance from the mining area were the highest, and those from 3.0 Km than those from 1.5 Km were even higher. 2. For heavy metal contents in leaves of all surveyed crops, Zn, Pb, Cu and As were the highest in soybean, followed by corn and rice. 3. Growth parameters of corn in polluted fields were comparatively poor and heavy metal contents in soils of the respective sites were higher than those in fields where rice was cultivated 8 years ago and irrigation was not done previously. 4. Heavy metal contents in the leaf part of corn plant showed a similar tendency to those in soils, being the highest among the different parts of corn plant, and they were in the decreasing order of Zn > Cu > As > Cd > Pb in each part. But the differences of metal contents in each part varied. 5. Generally, a negative relationship existed between the growth of corn and heavy metal contents in soil, of which Cu and Pb were significantly correlated with plant height, ear height, diameter of stem, ear length and yield of corn. 6. There existed a positive correlation between the contents of Pb,Cd and As in soils and those in the different parts of corn plant. The higher contents of Pb, Cd, and As in soil, the more those in corn plant incressed. The contents of Pb and As in corn grains showed a highly significant positive correlation with Cd and As contents in soils.

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Application of Antibiotic Resistance Test for the Recognition of Korean Native Rhizobium japonicum Strain (한국(韓國) 토착대두(土着大豆) 근류균(根瘤菌)의 균주(菌株) 인식(認識)을 위한 항생제(抗生劑) 내성(耐性) 검정법(檢定法)의 응용(應用))

  • Lim, Sun-Uk;Kim, Min-Kyun
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.239-244
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    • 1989
  • This work was for the elucidation of heterogeneity in a natural population of Rhizobium japonicum existing in Seoul National University's Experiment Field and of sensitivities of R. japonicum isolates for several antibiotics by using a method based on intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR). In addition, the suitability of IAR method for the recognition of R. japonicum strain was elucidated. Twenty seven isolates from various soybean cultivars cultivated at SNU's Experiment Field were tested to 4 antibiotics (streptomycin sulphate, kanamycin sulphate, ampicillin, oxytetracycline);There were 21 different IAR patterns among 27 isolates. It demonstrated diverse distribution of R. japonicum strains in SNU's Experiment Field. Their growth was inhibited at from a low concentration of about $1{\mu}g/ml$ to a high concentration of $400{\mu}g/ml$ for streptomycin sulphate, ampicillin, and oxytetracyclin. For kanamycin sulphate, on the contrary, all 27 isolates showed their growth inhibitances at below the concentration of $12.5{\mu}g/ml$. Two isolates identified as different strains from each other by the previous seroimmunological tests showed the same sensitivities for 4 antibiotics, and it seemed that IAR method was not perfect for the exact recognition of R. japonicum strain.

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Characteristics of Indigenous Rhizobium to Korean Soils -II. Symbiotic and Serological Characteristics of Bradyrhizobium japonicum Naturalized in Yeongnam Soils (우리나라 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)의 제(諸) 특성(特性) 연구 -II. 영남지역(嶺南地域) 토착(土着) Bradyrhizobium japonicum의 공생(共生) 및 혈청학적(血淸學的) 특성(特性))

  • Kang, Ui-Gum;Jung, Yeun-Tae;Somasegaran, Padma;Hoben, H.;Bohlool, B. Ben
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.61-68
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    • 1991
  • Thirty Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolates (10 strains per each soil) from 1 uncultivated [Sangnam(Soil 1), Milyang]- and 2 cultivated [Dong(Soil 2)and Chinbuk(Soil 3), Changweon] upland soils in Yeongnam area were evaluated on their symbiotic effectiveness to soybean [Glycin max (L.)] cv. Korean Jangbaekkong and American Clark and examined on their serological diversity. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. On symbiotic effectiveness of B. japonicum with plant genotypes, isolates showed a relatively high value of nodule mass in Jangbaekkong cv. and of shoot dry weight and total nitrogen in Clark cv. demonstrating the order of Soil 1> Soil 2> Soil 3 isolates. 2. Among 30 B. japonicum isolates, YCK 141 showed the best effectiveness on mean nitrogen fixation of two cultivars. 3. Thirty indigenous B. japonicum showed 6 types of serological diversities in the immunoblot analysis which were present in various proportions at Soil 2(5) and Soil 3(5) except Soil 1 where all isolates fell into the YCK 117 serogroup. And their distribution order was serotype YCK 117( 12 strains) > USDA 1l0(5strains), USDA 123(5 strains) > YCK 150(4 strains) > YCK 141(3 strains) > YCK 226(1 strain). 4. Especially, 10 isolates from Soil 1, an uncultivated orchard, showed a very homologous pattern in not only effectiveness but serological distribution. It seemed to indicate that the isolates were typically affected by numerous physical and environmental factors of the soil.

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A study on determination of the lime requirement based on exchangeable aluminum content (치환성(置換性) Al 함량(含量)에 따른 석탄소요량(石炭所要量) 결정(決定)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Ryu, In Soo;Cho, Seong Jin;Yuk, Chang Soo
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.185-191
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    • 1974
  • Incubation and pot studies were conducted with upland soils for a study on determination of the lime requirement based on exchangeable alumium content. The results obtained are as follows; 1. Results of chemical analysis of upland soils show that pH varies from 5.0 to 5.4, and exchangeable Al moves with the range of 1.3-3.0m.e/100gr. Exchangeable Al decreases with years of cultivation. 2. Incubation studies shows that on acid mineral soils almost all exchangeable Al, on average 95% was neutralized with the lime to neutralized 100% exchangeable Al. On volcanic ash soil, however, only 65.5% was neutralized with the lime estimated to neutralize the equivalent of 200% exchangeable Al. The latter has required more lime. 3. The pH of mineral soils is on the average increased from an initial 5.2 to 6.3 when 95% of exchangeable Al is neutralized, whereas that on volcanic ash soil is increased from an initial 5.3 to 5.5 only when lime is applied at rate to neutralize the equivalent of 200% exchangeable Al. 4. A high correlation coefficient (r=0.99) was obtained between exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity. This indicates that exchangeable acidity is primarly a result of exchangeable Al. 5. In pot experiments with soybean cultivated on one of the hill land soils (Songjoong soil) the application of fused phosphate and triple superphosphate based on a 5% saturation rate ($P_2O_5$ 32.1 kg/10a) showed that the liming factor for calculation of the optimum lime requirements based on exchangeable acidity was 0.594 for fuses phosphate or 1.132 for tripple superphosphate, and optimum pH is approximately 6.0 and optimum neutralization rate of exchangeable Al is 80-90%.

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Development of a Culture Medium for Growth and Sporulation of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD (프로바이오틱 비스루트균의 아포생산을 위한 최적배지 개발)

  • Lee, Kwang-Ho;Park, Kyu-Yong;Kim, Seong-Mi;Kim, Won-Seok;Paik, Hyun-Dong
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.263-268
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    • 2002
  • Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD, which is commonly called a 'Bisroot' strain, has been appropriately used for the treatment of long-term intestinal disorders, since the live strains, in the form of active endospores, can successfully reach the target intestine. Goal of this study was to develop an industrial medium for growth and sporulation of B. polyfermenticus SCD. From the results of effect of mixed carbon sources on growth and sporulation of B. polyfermenticus SCD, glucose 2% and starch 2% was particularly found to be the most effective for the maximum number of spore production, resulting in spore cells of $4.3{\times}10^9\;spores/mL$ with a sporulation yield of 91%. For the effect of nitrogen sources, the maximum spore cells of $5.7{\times}10^9\;spores/mL$ of B. polyfermenticus SCD with a sporulation yield of 97% was obtained when B. polyfermenticus SCD was cultivated in an optimum nitrogen source medium containing 5% soybean flour. A medium involving proper phosphate salt yielded the maximum number of a spore cells of $6.0{\times}10^9\;spores/mL$ with a sporulation yield of 95%. Finally, the efficacy of an industrial medium (KH5 medium) on growth and sporulation of B. polyfermenticus SCD was investigated in jar fermenter. The higher number of viable cells $(3.3{\times}10^{10}\;cells/mL)$ and spore cells $(3.0{\times}10^{10}\;spores/mL)$ were obtained in 5 L fermenter when compared with a 500 mL baffle flask cultivation. Thus, KH5 medium developed in this study shows promise as an industrial medium because of higher cells and sporulation yield.

Adjustment of Nitrogen by the Absorbing Patterns of Nutrients of Some Crops and N - Leaching in the Soil (시비보정(施肥補正)을 위(爲)한 작물(作物)의 양분(養分) 흡수(吸收) 양상(樣相)과 토양중(土壤中) 비료성분(肥料成分) 용탈(溶脫)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Moon-Kyu;Chang, Ki-Woon;Woo, In-Shik;Ham, Suon-Kyu;Nam, Yun-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.307-314
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    • 1989
  • Barley, garlic, and soybean were cultivated in the silt loam, sandy loam, and loam, respectively, and the absorbing patterns of N, P, and K during growing of the crops were determined. While, the leaching of N, P, and K applied in the above soils in four levels of topsoil depths and in four leachate levels of excess precipitation was measured through the column. The depths of the soil were devised to 20, 35, 50, and 65cm, and the levels of excess water were classified to each leachate of 20, 40, 60, and 80mm precipitation, and nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in each fraction of the leachate were analyzed. By the analyses of the chemical components during growth of the crops, their absorbing patterns of N, P, and K were investigated. The order of N-leachings in the soils was sandy loam > loam > silt loam, and the leaching of $K_2O$ was very similar to N. The leaching of $P_2O_5$ was slight in all kinds of the soils. By the combination of the absorbing patterns of the crops in three kinds of soils and the leaching of the nitrogen in four levels of soil depth and four levels of excess precipitation, the method to replace the nitrogen lost by leaching was presented.

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