• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.779-789
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• 2016

A total of 33 accessions of pepper (Capsicum spp.), including previously reported and newly discovered sources of resistance to bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, were evaluated for their resistance to bacterial spot. The selected accessions were then grown and their horticultural characteristics were recorded. In a test for hypersensitive resistance (HR) to four races (P1, P3, P7, P8) of the pathogen found in Korea, KC00939 and Chilbok No.2, which carry the Bs2 gene, exhibited a hypersensitive response to all four races, as expected. Chilbok No.3, which carries the Bs3 gene, showed a hypersensitive reaction to race 1 and 7, as expected. KC00939 exhibited a high ASTA color value and tolerance to multiple infections from a viral complex of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV). Thus, this accession represents a promising genetic resource for breeding cultivars with multiple disease resistance and strong red coloration. KC01327, KC01617, KC01015, KC01760, KC01779, KC01137, KC01328, KC01006, KC00127, KC01704, and KC00995 did not exhibit hypersensitivity but showed a high level of general resistance when evaluated by spray inoculation. KC01617, KC01760, KC01779, KC01137, KC01704, and KC01777 are newly identified sources of resistance to bacterial spot. The previously and newly identified sources of resistance to bacterial spot evaluated in this study, including information about their resistance to CMV and BBWV complex in the field, the contents of pungent and sweet taste components, and the color values of dry fruits, will be useful for breeding pepper cultivars with resistance to bacterial spot.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.177-188
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• 1999

15 vegetables were cooked as fresh salad, scalding, steaming, boiling, panbroiling, and hardboiling and retention of vitamin(A, Ascorbic acid, Niacin) and minerals(P, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K)were investigated about those cooks during making process. Vitamins were shown as the best retention in fresh salad, while as the worst retention in scalding vegetables. Minerals were determined as the best retention in panbroiled, while as the worst retention in scalding and boiling vegetables. In all vegetables cookings, the order of vegetables which had good retention of vitamins and minerals were doraji>perilla leaf, cabbage>k, radish, cucumber>chamchwi, lettuce> mungbean sprout>spinach, burdock, sedum>carrot, squash>soybean sprout>eggplant. Also Vit.A was kept high retention level in fresh salad, panbroiling, hardboiling, Niacin was remained in fresh salad, hardboiling, steaming, vegetables highly and AsA was kept high level in fresh salad only. And P in panbroiling, steaming, Fe in fresh salad, scalding, boiling, panbroiling, hardboiling, Mg in fresh salad, panbroiling, hardboiling, Ca in fresh salad, steaming, boiling, panbroiling, hardborling, Na in panbroiling, hardboiling and K in fresh salad pan, broiling, hardboiling were retained as high level.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2020

In this study, we investigated pesticide residues in 207 agricultural products distributed by direct trade in the northern area of Gyeonggi Province. A total of 94 general agricultural products and 113 eco-friendly agricultural products collected from local grocers and cooperative stores were analyzed by multiresidue method for 263 pesticides using GC (gas chromatography)/ECD (electron capture detector), GC/NPD (nitrogen phosphorus detector), GC-MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry), LC (liquid chromatography)/PDA (photodiode array detector), LC/FLD (fluorescence detector), LC-MS/MS. All samples showing pesticide residues were general agricultural products collected from local food stores. The pesticide residue levels of 14 samples (6.8%) were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and one of them (0.5%) exceeded the MRLs. Sixteen pesticides were detected from samples of the following produce items: spinach, young cabbage, perilla leaves, mallow, cucumber, chives and water dropwort. The safety of the detected pesticides was assessed by monitoring the daily intake estimate (EDI) and the daily intake allowance (ADI) based on the amount of pesticides detected. The ADI percentage range (the ratio of EDI to ADI) was 0.0134-61.6259% and there was no health risk connected with consuming agricultural products in which pesticide residues were detected.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 1999

The relation between food intakes and dental caries was investigated with 211 primary school students (83 boys and 128 girls) in Kumsan area. The results were as follows. The rate of dental caries of the subjects was 65.4%. 83.9% of the subjects had a snack, 69.5% of students having a snack and 44.1% of students having not snack was dental caries (p<0.001). For tooth brushing numbers per day, 38.4% of subjects was one time, and 61.6% was more than two times. For tooth brushing time, 31.8% had before meals and 68.2% after meals. The intake frequency rate of main food was cooked rice 33.30%, ramyun 14.81%, bread 9.57%, rice cake 6.16%, nodule 4.88% in good group, and cooked rice 27.04%, rice cake 12.04%, ramyun 8.50%, bread 8.11%, fried rice 5.49% in dental caries group. The intake frequency rate of a side dish was kimchi 13.88%, egg 6.21%, dried laver 5.51%, fish paste 5.51%, fish 5.03%, kongjaban 0.44% in good group, and potato soup 6.86%, cucumber 6.56%, sprout soup 5.78%, bean curd 5.33%, sesame leaf 5.21%, lettuce 1.23% in dental caries group. The intake frequency rate for snack was ice cream 9.85%, biscuit 7.35%, gum 6.17%, chestnut 6.16%, apple 5.81%, milk 5.56%, yogurt 4.86%, gypo 4.39%, candy 4.15%, chocolete 3.91% in good group, and biscuit 10.00%, ice cream 6.75%, candy 5.88%, fruit canned food 5.70%, milk 5.41%, corn 5.00%, banana 5.00%, peanut 4.42%, fritter 4.39% in dental caries group. The rate of cariogenic food, detergent food, protective food in a side dish were 4.0%, 40.8%, 55.1%o in good group, and 11.5%, 43.9%, 44.6% in dental group respectively (p<0.001). The rate of cariogenic food, detergent food, protective food in a snack 67.8%, 10.4%, 21.7% in good caries group, and 75.3%, 8.8%, 15.9% in dental caries group respectively (p＜0.001).

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.342-350
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• 2011

Throughout the years 2008 to 2010, we analyzed approximately two thousand oriental melon samples collected from Seongju, using electron microscopy and testing by RT-PCR using primers specific for eight cucurbit-infecting viruses. Data from RT-PCR indicated that Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV2) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were present and the other viruses were not detected. Among them, CGMMV and WMV2 were the most prevalent pathogens. CGMMV was thought to infect oriental melon from the early growing season, and reached nearly 100% in the later of growing period. Otherwise, WMV2 emerged from June, several months later compared to CGMMV. CGMMV was detected from all aerial parts of the oriental melon including seeds, but not from the roots of the grafted pumpkin rootstock. Seed of two out of five commercial varieties were shown to be CGMMV positive. Nine varieties of pumpkins used as rootstocks were not infected with CGMMV. When the seedlings of grafted oriental melon were transplanted into pots mixed with the oriental melon debris infected with CGMMV, they were not infected by CGMMV. Cutting of pruning shear and the contact of tendrils contributed 48% and 30% to the transmission of the virus, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.334-341
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• 2011

The kinds of crop requested from agricultural actual places of famers, Agricultural extension services and so forth was 8 including red pepper for vegetables, 4 including apple for fruit trees and 6 including chrysanthemum for flowers in 2010. The important vegetables in clinical diagnosis of viral diseases were tomato, watermelon and red pepper having the requested rate of 31.8%, 21.4% and 19.5%, respectively. On fruit trees, grape and apple were most common with the requested rate of 63.6% and 33.0%, orderly. On floral crops, tulip and cactus were damaged by viral diseases with the requested rate of 60.0% and 20.0%, orderly. On peppers and tomatoes, six viruses including Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) infected. Five viruses including Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) and CMV were identified from watermelons. On grapes, six viruses including Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) infected. CMV was identified from six vegetables including pepper out of 8 kinds of vegetables and tulip plant. Total agents of virus and viroid species were 32 and 4 species, respectively, in 2010. Tomato yellow leaf curl disease by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Tobacco yellow leaf curl virus was occurred newly at 18 Si/Gun areas including Buan, Jeonbuk province in 2010 and the total areas were increased up to 58 Si/Gun from the first incidence in 2008. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) occurred newly at two areas of Jinan, Jeonbuk and Jeju in Jeju province in 2010, and the incidence areas were expanded to 25 Si/Gun areas from severe occurrence at Anyang area in 2004. No incidence of TSWV was recorded only in Gyeongbuk and Chungbuk province. Tomato bushy stunt virus occurred newly at Jinju, Gyeongnam, and it had the total incidence areas of 5 Si/Gun after first observation at Sacheon, Gyeongnam in 2004.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate microbiological contamination of fresh vegetables in Korea. Twenty types of vegetables were tested for total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, yeast and mold, and pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, Cronobacter sakazakii, Shigella, and Campylobacter. Levels of total aerobic bacteria and coliform on 20 vegetables were between 3.74 and 8.04 log CFU/g, and 0.16 and 5.02 log CFU/g, respectively. The highest contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria were observed on water dropwort, sprouts, mungbean sprout, and ballflower root. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in microbial contamination levels of total aerobic count, coliform, E. coli, yeast and mold between organic and nonorganic vegetables. When isolation methods using selective agars were applied, L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, Salmonella and Campylobacter were isolated from some fresh vegetable samples. Results of API kit tests showed that L. monocytogenes was identified on Chinese cabbage, cucumber, soybean sprouts, and iceberg lettuce while Salmonella was identified on Korean leek. Furthermore, Campylobacter jejuni was also identified in more than 50 of the 100 samples. However, when positive samples from API kit were tested for real-time PCR or 16S rRNA sequencing method, only B. cereus from perilla leaf, carrot, water dropwort, and sprouts showed positive results. These results indicate that selective agar and API kit detection methods might result in false positive results for some pathogens. Therefore, studies need to improve isolation or confirmation methods for such pathogens.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.593-600
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• 1996

To investigate the dining habits in relation to Kimchi for the Koreans in Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS), a survey was conducted to 199 Koreans living in Moscow, Sahalin, Uzbekistan, and Kazakstan. Most of the respondents answered that thor keep the Korean food lifestyle, and especially the old age group and Koreans in Sahalin showed higher ratio for Korean food lifestyle. In the Kimchi preference and Kimchi consumption, 85.9% of the respondents like Kimchi because Kimchi is our traditional food and its taste is good, and 95% of them consumed Kimchi once or more everyday. In the kinds of Kimchi, 99% of the respondents had experiences in eating or seeing Chinese cabbage Kimchi, 91.5% cucumber Kimchi, 88.4% cabbage Kimchi, 82.4% white water Kimchi, 75.4% sikhae, respectively, while the frequencies of kakdugi, chonggak Kimchi, and leek Kimchi were relatively low. In connection with the utilization of Kimchi, many respondents answered that Kimchi is sometimes used in cooking of Kimchi cchigae or Kimchi bokkum. Most of Russians like Kimchi in spite of the hot taste and it shows the possibility that Kimchi can be spread throughout foreign countries.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2008

To obtain optimum configuration, depth and load of constructed wetlands(CWs) for treating of hydroponic waste solution(HWS) which was produced in greenhouses, the study was conducted with 4 kinds of combined systems such as Vertical flow(VF)-Horizontal flow(HF), VF-VF, HF-VF and HF-HF CWs. In four configurations of CWs, the treatment efficiency of pollutants from HWS under depth of HF and VF beds, HWS loading and HWSs were investigated. Removal rate of pollutants under different depth of VF and HF in 2-stage hybrid CWs was in the order of 50 cm < 70 cm regardless of CWs configuration. Removal rate of pollutants under HWS loading in 2-stage hybrid CWs was in the order of $150L\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}{\fallingdotseq}300L\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}\;>\;450L\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$. The optimum depth and HWS loading were 70 cm and $300L\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ in four configurations of CWs, respectively. Using this optimum condition, for various HWSs (cucumber, paprika and strawberry HWS), removal rate of pollutants in HF-HF CWs was higher than that in HF-VF CWs. Optimum configuration of 2-stage hybrid CWs for treating hydroponic waste solution in greenhouses was found out to be HF-HF CWs. Therefore, under the optimum conditions, removal rate of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P in HF-HF CWs were 84, 81, 84, 51 and 93%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.238-246
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• 1994

Rate of conventional allpication of chemical fertilizer and farm manure were surveyed for 23 crops and 13,259 farms on paddy and upland fields in 1992. 1. Farmers have applied fertilizers more than optimum levels on vagetable crops. Based on the optimum levels of N, P and K, the excess ratios of N, P, K fertilization were 40%, 138%, and 53% in vagetable crops and 38%, 7%, and 0% in field crops, respectively. 2. Among provinces, the fertilizer application for paddy rice was higher in Chung-nam and Jeon-buk, which have had higher yield compared to other provinces. And that for red pepper was higher in Kang-won, Jeon-nam, Jeon-buk, Kyeong-nam, Kyeong-buk, and for chinese cabbage in Kang-won and Chung-nam. 3. The fertilizers rates at a chief producing districts of crops(CPD) were higher in vagetable crops than in field crops. 4. Compared with total fertilizer levels of open culture, excess fertilizers in plastic house were 5.9kg/10a(21%) of nitrogen, 8.7kg/10a(52%) of phosphorus and 7.1kg/10a(34%) of potasium. In chemical fertilizer application, fertilizer levels of sweet corn, red papper, tomato and lettuce were higher in plastic house, while those of cucumber, strawberry, radish, chinese cabbage were higher in open culture. 5. Ratio of farmers who applied farm manures was below 60 % on field crops and 69~100% on vagetable crops. 6. The compound fertilizer for paddy rice(21-17-17) was applied on all the crops and its application rate was the highest in all the crops except for paddy rice(single cropping), malting barley, soybean, sesame.