• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1373-1380
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• 2019

Objective: This study ascertained effects of cactus pear in association with different roughage in the diet of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, ingestive behavior and performance. Methods: Eight cows with $72{\pm}11$ days of lactation were used. The experimental design was simultaneous in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares. Four experimental diets were used: Diet 1, sorghum silage as exclusive roughage; Diet 2, sorghum silage associated with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage (dry matter basis); Diet 3, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) as exclusive roughage; Diet 4, elephant grass associated with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 75:25. Results: Dry matter intake (p = 0.01) was higher with sorghum silage. There were differences in dry matter intake (p = 0.01), crude protein (p<0.01), ether extract (p = 0.01), non-fibrous carbohydrates (p<0.01) and total digestible nutrients (p = 0.01) among the diets. Cactus pear in the diet reduced water intake by 44.52% (p<0.01). The nitrogen balance was 59.71% and 27.49% lower in animals treated with exclusive sorghum silage and sorghum silage associated with cactus pear in relation to diets with elephant grass and elephant grass associated with cactus pear, respectively (p<0.01). The diets did not influence the milk production (p = 0.70), 3.5% fat corrected milk production (p = 0.72) or feed efficiency (p = 0.61). Conclusion: The association of cactus pear with sorghum or elephant grass silage does not alter milk production, reduces the intake of dry matter and water and improves the digestibility of nutrients.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2017

We evaluated the nutritional composition including proximate, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, and the antioxidant activity of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) pollen grains collected by Apis mellifera bees, to be used as a species of forage plant with Quercus acutissima (acorn) and Actinidia arguta pollen grains. The content of crude protein and fat were found 14.43% and 5.67%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids from buckwheat pollen were found, including 8 essential amino acids. The predominant amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lysine, accounting for about 42.7% of total free amino acids. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest value of 13.7 mg/100g, followed by $B_3$ (niacin) and $B_1$ among the detected vitamins. The predominant minerals were potassium (1197.95mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (962.77mg/100g) and magnesium (535.42mg/100g), whereas copper, zinc and manganese were detected as minor elements. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content accounted for 8.1% at $500{\mu}g/ml$ extract and $2.25{\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2002

A hot water extract was prepared from the artificially grown Gastrodia elata to investigate its chemical composition and various in vitro biological activities as an effort to develop G. elata as health/functional food materials. The contents of crude protein, ash, fat, fiber, moisture and total sugar were 5.4, 2.6, 3.6, 3.3, 8.1 and 77% (w/w), respectively. The extract of G. elata had greater amount of potassium (1,150 mg/100 g) than phosphorus (300 mg/100 g). Dose-dependence against human carcinoma (Hep3B, MCF-7, A549 and AGS) were observed from 0.2 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml. Especially, the treatment of 1.0 mg/ml extracts showed the highest cytotoxicity with 83% against gastric carcinoma (AGS). The extracts showed weak antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but practically no antimicrobial activity against the other microorganisms tested. The effect of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition was 64% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) of the extract in the range of $0.2{\sim}1.0mg/ml$ showed $63{\sim}89%$, and the highest ACE inhibition was 89% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of extracts. The highest activity of glutathion S-transferase (GST) was 221 % at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of the G. elata extracts. These results suggest that G. elata may be used as health/functional food materials.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2014

Flammulina velutipes fruit body, Flammulina velutipes mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium were analyzed for their proximate composition, protein-bound polysaccharide, nucleic acid and amino acids. The content of ash and crude fiber in F. velutipes fruit body were higher than F. mycelium and C. militaris mycelium. C. militaris mycelium showed the highest crude fat content while F. velutipes fruit body had lowest. Nitrogen free extract content of the samples varied from 56.8% in F. velutipes fruit body to 61.9% in F. velutipes mycelium. The compositions of total protein and total free sugars of protein-bound polysaccharide were found to be significant differences for all samples. Nucleic acid related compounds were identified the 5'-GMP, 5'-XMP, 5'-IMP in all samples. The content of total nucleic acids were high in the orders of F. velutipes myclial (286.71 mg%), F. velutipes fruit body(187.36 mg%) and C. militaris mycelial(76.85 mg%). The highest content of 5'-GMP was found in F. velutipes fruit body. The most nucleic acid of F. velutipes mycelial and C. militaris mycelial were the 5'-XMP. As for the analysis of total amino acids, seventeen amino acids were identified by HPLC and the major amino acid was glutamic acid in all samples. The content of total amino acids were high in the orders of F. velutipes fruit body(19,919 mg%), F. velutipes mycelium(19,018 mg%) abd C. militaris mycelium(18,965 mg%). We determined the developing new food product such as amino acid drink and amino acid containing food using extracts of Flammulina velutipes fruit body, Flammulina velutipes mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.408-421
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• 1989

The effects of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates on forage and grain yields were evaluated in 1989 harvest year for dual production of forage and grain of naked and malting barleys in Cheju province. In the experiment I, 'Saessalbori' (naked barleY)1 and 'Doosan 22' (malting barley) were seeded on Sept. 21, Oct. 12 and Nov. 2, respectively. An unclipped(grain-only) treatment that was planted on Nov. 2 was included for check. In the experiment II, the two above cultivars were planted at seed rate of 14, 20 and 26 and kg/l0a. Fertilizer rates were 9-6-12, 17-13-8 and 22-16-11 (N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O) kg/l0a. Seeding dates were Oct. 13 and Nov. 7 for clipped treatments and grain -only treatment(seeding rate: 14kg/l0a, N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O=9-6-12 kg/l0a), respectively. All treatments in both experiments were harvested for grain yield. In Saessalbori, survival following forage removal was 100％ regardless of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates. In Doosan 22, survival percenage decreased with increasing seeding and fertilizer rates when plants was clipped in January to Febuary. Forage yield of two cultivars increased with early planting and delays in clipping termination and tended to increase as seeding and fertilizer rates were increased. Crude ash and fat were not affected by seeding and fertilizer rates, and clipping date. Crude protein increased with an increase in fertilizer rate and decreased with delays in clipping date. N free extract tended to increase with delaying clipping date and decreased with increasing fertilizer rate. Earlier planting resulted in earlier heading and maturity. Clipping slightly delayed heading of Saessalbori and greatly delayed that of Doosan 22. Maturity of Doosan 22 was delayed 3 to 5 days by increased fertilization. Clipping shortened culm length more severely in Doosan 22 than in Saessalbori. The later the clipping termination, the shorter the culm length. The number of spikes per m$^2$ and the number of kernels per spike were not affected by clipping in Saessalbori while those of Doosan 22 were decreased with delays in clipping termination. Delaying forage harvest resulted In a reduction in grain yield. However, final clipping on Feb. 27 reduced grain yield of Saessalbori by only 6-11 ％ compared to the grain-only treatment. In Doosan 22, forage harvest after Dec. 28 resulted in 6 to 66％ reduction of grain yield. The data indicate that grazing of naked and malting barleys until late Feb. and late Dec., respectively, might not reduce grain yields when planted on mid-Sept. to mid-Oct.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1145-1152
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• 2009

For the utilization of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in the functional drink, we prepared the fermented Korean ginseng with mushroom mycelia (Ganoderma lucidum; WG-GL, Hericium erinaceum; WG-HE and Phellinus linteus; WG-PL) by solid culture. A proximate analysis showed that the fermented Korean ginseng contained significantly more crude fat (4.66$\sim$12.02%) than Korean ginseng (WG, 1.61%) whereas crude protein content of WG (13.64%) was higher value than those of the ferments (7.60$\sim$12.57%). When we also evaluated effects of the fermented Korean ginseng on the mitogenic activity, hot-water extract from WG-PL was significantly higher than those of WG or mycelia only fermentation (GL, HE and PL) as analyzed by IL-2 production (1.64-fold of the saline control) and proliferation of splenocytes (1.47-fold). In addition, the lysosomal phosphatase activity (WG-HE; 1.32-fold) and NO/TNF-$\alpha$ production (WG-HE; 2.27-fold of the saline control at 50 ${\mu}g$/mL, WG-PL; 3.56-fold, respectively) from macrophage in the presence of the fermented Korean ginseng were higher than those of WG or mycelia fermentation. These results indicate that hot-water extracts from the fermented Korean ginseng with mushroom mycelia by solid culture contain chemical ingredients different from the Korean ginseng, and that it might provide beneficial immunostimulating activity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-84
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary protein levels on laying hen performance. The level of methionine and lysine were 0.32% and 0.64%, respectively and the levels of protein were 12%, 13%, 14% or 15%. Total 384 laying pullets of 22weeks age were reared from January 28, 1989 to March 23, 1990 for 60 weeks. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1 Egg productions was highest at 15% of protein in phase I, 14% in phase II, and 13% in phase III, and there was significantly different egg Production among treatments during phase I and phase II (P＜0.05). 2. Egg weight was heaviest in 14% of protein treatment in three phases and they showed significantly different egg weight among different levels of protein in phase I (P＜0.01), phase II and III (P＜0.05) , but there was not significantly different between 14% and 15% of protein. 3. Daily egg mass tends to increase followed by increasing of protein level and showed signifiant differences among treatments in phase I and phase II (P＜0.01). 4. The 14% of protein treatment showed the highest daily feed intake and it showed significant difference in phase I and phase II (P＜0.01) , but there was no significant difference between 14% and 15% of protein. 5. Feed efficiency was improved significantly followed by increasing of protein level in phase I (P＜0.01) and phase II (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference among treatments in phase III. 6. Viability tends to increase as increasing of protein level, but there was no significant difference among treatments. 7. Utilizabilities of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract of experimental diets were not different among treatments, but the utilizability of carbohydrate tends to increase as increasing of protein level (P＜0.05). 8. Eviscerated yield and abdominal fat accumulation was not difference among treatments. 9. Egg shell quality and chemical composition of egg content were not different among treatments. 10. The feed cost per kg egg mass showed the cheapest in 13% of protein treatment in all phase, but there were no significant differences among treatments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 1991

Forage productivity of two sorghum hybrids, Pioneer(P) 931 and P 956 and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, P 988, was studied. The 1st-cut of sorghun hybrids was made for silage 6 times from heading stage at a week-interval and regrowth (2nd-cut) was harvested on Oct. 13 although plants were not reached the same growth stage of 1st-cut. However, the 1st- and 2nd-cut of sorghum-sudangrass were made for green fodder 6 times from 4 weeks before heading stage at a week-interval. 1. Percent dry matter(DM) of 1st-cut of sorghum and 1st- and 2nd-cut of sorghum-sudangrass increased as growth stage advanced. Percent DM of 2nd-cut of sorghum decreased as the 1st-cut date delayed due to insufficient growing period on Oct. 13. 2. In the 1st-cut of sorghum the proportion of leaf blade (LB) or culm+leaf sheath (LS) to total DM decreased, but that of panicle increased as growth stage advanced. The panicle proportion of P 956 increased and culm+LS decreased more rapidly compared with those of P 931. IIowever, in sorghum-sudangrass hybrid the proportion of LB decreased and culmf LS increased as growth stage advanced through heading stage. 3. In the 1st-cut of sorghum hybrids crude(C) protein and C. fiber decreased, but nitrogen free extract (NFE) increased as growth stage advanced although C. fat and C. ash were similar among the growth stages. In the 2nd-cut of sorghum C. protein and C. ash increased, but NFE decreased as harvesting date delayed due to plants were younger although C. fat and C. fiber were similar among the harvesting dates. In the sorghum-sudangrass C. protein of 1st-cut decreased, but C. fiber of 1st-cut and NFE of the 1st-and 2nd-cut increased as growth stage advanced. 4. DM yield of 1st-cut of sorghum increased from heading stage to 3 weeks after heading and then levelled off, but total DM including regrowth was similar among the harvesting time. In the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid DM yield of 1st-cut and total DM yield including 2nd-and 3rd-cut increased as the harvestingtime delayed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.116-120
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• 1991

Silage productivity of two sorghum hybrids. Pioneer(P) 931 and P 956, and green fodder productivity of a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, P 988, were tested at four levels of seeding rates (1, 2, 3, and 4 kg/lOa). The 1st-cut of sorghum hybrids of P 931 and P 956 was made at milk ripe stage for silage on July 22 and 31, respectively and regrowth was harvested on Oct. 13. The 1st-and 2nd-cut of a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were made at flag leaf emerging stage for green fodder on July 26 and Aug. 16 and 3rd-cut was harvested on Oct. 13. The results obtained are summarized as follows:1. Growth stage, culm length or plant height, and percent dry matter (DM) were similar among the seeding rates. Percent DM of sorghum hybrids ranged 26.9-31.2% regardless hybrids and t ~ m e of harvest. However, in the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid percent DM of the 1st-cut. 2nd-cut, and 3rd-cut ranged 10.0-10.7% 18.2-19.97% and 24.6-27.8% respectively.2. In sorghum hybrids crude(C) fiber content of P 931 was higher, but nitrogen free extract (NFE) was lower compared with those of P 956 and C. protein and C. fat were similar between two hybrids. However, C. protein and C. ash of sorghum hybrids were lower, but C. fiber and NFE were higher compared with those of a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and C. fat was similar between two crops.3. Total DM yield was greater in the order of P 931>P 956>P 988. The optimum seeding rate for both silage yield of sorghum hybrids and green fodder of a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid was 2-4 kg/lOa. However, yield of the 1st-cut tended to increase as seeding rate increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2011

We evaluated the antioxidant compounds and activity of the methanolic extracts of foxtail millet (FM), proso millet (PM), and sorghum (SG) using different pulverizing methods (pin mill and ultra fine). The particle size of the FM, PM, and SG were 102.12, 89.52, and $102.25\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the pin mill pulverizer. The sizes were 9.43, 9.52, and $10.18\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the ultra fine pulverizer. There was no difference in moisture, crude fat, ash, or protein content between the two different pulverizing methods. The total ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content of the FM using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 116.07 and $145.30\;{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The total polyphenol content of the SG using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 14.58 and 15.03 mg/g extract residue, respectively. There was no difference in total flavonoid or tannin content of the methanol extracts between the two different pulverizing methods. The major phenolic compounds in FM were pyrogallol, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin; in PM, they were pyrogallol, rutin, gallic acid, kaempfrol, and salicylic acid; in SG, they were (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, myricetin, hesperidin and chlorogenic acid. SG had a higher radical scavenging activity than FM or PM extracts. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the SG extracts using the ultra fine pulverizer were 178.10 and 251.56 mg TE/g extract residue, respectively. We noted a significant correlation between free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic compound.