• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was to analyze the definitions of herbs, herbal drugs, crude drugs and natural products in the relevant laws and regulations, understand the related problems, and propose directions for improvement. Methods : I analyzed the legal definitions in respect of herbs, herbal drugs, crude drugs and natural products in relevant laws and regulations since 1945, explained the problems, and suggested the solution-considering the academic stance of Traditional Korean Medicine and the dualistic medical and pharmaceutical system. Results : Herbs are defined as "refined things that are cut and dried in their most original state". The definition of crude drugs includes herbs and the "cell contents, secretion, extracts, minerals and other parts of animals and plants that are used medicinally". The concept of natural products is expanded to adding tissue cultures to the definition of crude drugs. Conclusions : The definition of herbs should at least include all products that are "processed, extracted and prepared" as well as contents that consist of various forms of hospital-prepared herbs. The term "herbal drug" corresponds to a traditional term of "drug", and this should be established as a concept to explain "drugs in raw materials that are used to prepare herbs and/or manufacture herbal medicine". The legal definition of herbs should include the concept of crude drugs. Herbal drug preparations and crude drugs should be included in the definition of herbal drugs.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.350-358
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• 2017

It is an essential prerequisite to use exact botanical origin of crude drugs for a therapeutic effect. The botanical origin also affects the standard for quality control. During the past decades, Korea, China and Japan have developed individually their own official compendia for crude drugs to tune with the times. This study was accomplished to offer basic data and appropriate suggestions to rebuilding the botanical origins of crude drugs in Korean official compendia according to international harmonization. For this, the botanical origin of crude drugs in official compendia of these three countries were compared based on the scientific name internationally accepted. As results, there were five crude drugs defined as plants or animal of which family were different. Fourteen crude drugs showed the botanical origin of different genus and eighty eight of different species. In addition, usage part and collection season differed in twelve and four crude drugs, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 1980

Antitumor activity test was achieved with 20 crude drugs which are folkmedicine and recorded in Dong-eu-bo-gam. Three crude drugs showed above 60% effect on life span of mouse and 5 crude drugs showed under 50% effect. After death, body weight was decreased with 3 crude drugs and increased with most other crude drugs, which were tested in this study. The solid cancer tissue weight was decreased slightly with 4 crude drugs.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.2 s.145
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• pp.116-119
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• 2006

Geum Ryeo Hwan(錦儷丸) is Chinese patent medicine which has been used for women's diseases and climacteric syndrome in Korea. It consists of 12 kinds of powdered crude drugs. In powdered crude drugs, it is hard to identify each component by chemical analysis or morphological examination. However, the method of identification of powdered crude drugs has not been clearly established. Therefore, it is of interest to establish the microscopic method for identification of powdered crude drugs of Chinese patent medicines. The effectiveness of microscopic method is exemplified by the identification of tissue and contents of crude drugs by comparison with standard drugs. Moreover, this method has advantage as a microscale analysis, since it requires only a small amount of specimens. In this study, it is demonstrated that the microscopic method is very effective for the identification of 12 crude drug ingredients in Geum Ryeo Hwan.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.3 s.142
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• pp.205-208
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• 2005

Ah Myeong Dan (兒明丹) is Chinese patent medicine which is used for congenital fever and congenital boils in Korea. It consists of 11 kinds of powdered crude drugs. In powdered crude drugs, it is hard to identify each component by chemical analysis or morphological examination. However, the method of identification of powdered crude drugs has not been clearly established. Therefore, it is of interest to establish the microscopic method for identification of powdered crude drugs of Chinese patent medicines. The effectiveness of microscopic method is exemplified by the identification of tissue and contents of crude drugs by comparison with standard drugs. In this study, it is demonstrated that the microscopic method is very effective for the identification of 11 crude drug ingredients in Ah Myeong Dan.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.100-102
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• 1990

Brine shrimp bioassay has been frequently utilized as a basic screening method for detecting a broad range of bioactive compounds from natural products. Each methanol, chloroform, and water extract of thirty-eight crude drugs were screened in the brine shrimp bioassay, and a number of crude drugs exhibited toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.102-106
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• 1983

As many crude drugs are used in the oriental medical field problems on the side effects of these drugs come to the front. To conduct delayed-type hypersensitivity we selected 29 kinds of drugs used frequently for therapeutic agents in oriental medical hospitals (Table I). The cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by measuring the foot pad swelling reaction and humoral immune response by measuring the antibody formation to these crude drugs. Mice were given these drugs intraperioneally for sensitization and challenged with same drug as used for sensitization respectively by intral dermal injection on the left and righ hind foot pad 4 days after senstization and then the foot pads were measured with the dial micrometer. The results were as follow; 1) Gentianae Scabrae Radix, Arecae Semen, Corydalis Tuber, and Paeoniae Radix were significant as delayed-type hypersensitivity inducers. 2) None of the crude drugs tested had effect on the induction of humoral immune response.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.44-50
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• 1983

An attempt was made to investigate free and bound lipid contents and fatty acid compositions of ginseng and its eveven kinds related crude drugs. Contents of free and bound lipids of ginseng were 1.23% and 0.47%, and those of the related crude drugs were $0.31{\sim}13.05%$ and $0.26respectively. Fourteen even-numbered and 4 odd-numbered fatty acids were identified by GLC in those lipids from ginseng, and the major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic, oleic and linolenic acids. The crude drugs are notably different from ginseng in kinds and compositions of fatty acids of free and bound lipids. Composition ratios of unsaturated fatty acids were higher in free lipids from ginseng than those of the crude drugs except 'Won-ji' Polygalae Radix.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.20 no.2 s.56
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• pp.29-32
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• 2005

We just carried out this study in order to obtain an appropriate information of the population of toxigenic fungi in crude drugs in seoul. Results of fungal examination on twenty-three kinds crude drugs were described in this report. In 21 crude drugs, colonies of fungi were possible to identify into 7 genera. Predominant genera of fungi in crude drugs were Aspergillus spp. $(14,\;46.6\%)$, Scopulariospsis spp. $(7,\;23.3\%)$, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Fusarium spp $(2,\;6.6\%,\;respectively)$ and Phoma sp., Chaetomium sp. $(1,\; 3.3\%,\;respectively)$. Mycotoxin producing fungi like Aspergillus spp., Penicillum spp., and Fusarium spp. were 18 colonies$(60\%)$, totally.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.330-334
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• 2008

Shin Kwae Hwan(神快丸) is a Chinese patent medicine which has been used for polymyositis, trigeminal neuralgiaand ischiodynia in Korea. It consists of 15 kinds of powdered crude drugs. In powered crude drugs, it is hard to identify each component by chemical analysis or morphological examination. However, the method of identification of powdered crude drugs has not been clearly established. For the identification of individual crude drugs in such powdery mixtures, microscopic method may advantageously be used, as it requires only small amount of specimens. In this study, it is demonstrated that the microscopic method is very effective for the identification of 15 crude drug ingredients in Shin Kwae Hwan.