• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 1999

Leptin gene, an obesity gene, has been known to involve in the regulation of food intake and body weight. It is also thought to be related to the glucose metabolism, insulin secretion and type II diabetes mellitus. Recently, the production of recombinant leptin protein has been attempted for the application in the treatment of obesity and the correction of hereditary obesity and type II diabetes. In the present study, leptin cDNA was cloned from mouse fat cells by RT-PCR and prokaryotic expression of leptin was attempted in order ot prepare a leptin-specific antigen. Immunization of a rabbit with the leptin-specific antigen into a rabbit resulted in the generation of leptin-specific antiserum that could be useful in the detection of leption expressed in various tissues. The sequence of leptin cDNA prepared in the present study wa identical to the previously reported one. Transformation of E. coli(DH5a) cells with the leptin cDNA-inserted translation vector, pGEX-4T-3-leptin followed by treatment with IPTG (0.1mM) resulted in the expression of a large amount of GST-leptin fusion protein with a molecular weight of 44 KDa as an inclusion body. Denaturation of the insoluble fusion protein by 8M urea, 6M guanidium-HCI or 0.1% 2-mercaptoethanol followed by a slow oxidation could not solubilize the inclusion body. The cell extract was subjected to SDS-PAGE and GST-leptin protein electroeluted from the gel was then injected into a rabbit subcutaneously for the immunization. Anti-GST-leptin rabbit antiserum which had a cross reactivity to the GST-leptin protein was generated. Leptin protein expressed in mouse brain and fat tissues was detected by Western blot immunodetection system using the antiserum generated in the present study.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.187-194
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• 2010

Heavy-weight floor impact sound insulation performance criteria have been effective in Korea since the regulation which enforces the standard thickness of slabs in domestic apartment houses should be constructed by 180mm or 210mm was adopted. But every slab does not satisfy this criteria. So, review on existing floor impact sound insulation performance is needed to propose some basic materials for the revision of rating method. To achieve this goal, 63 field test data were checked and analyzed. The results of this study are as follows ; 1) The 210mm thickness slab has the characteristics of deeper level decrease above 120Hz frequency band than that of 180mm thickness slab's. 2) 27.5% of 180mm thickness slabs were satisfied the floor impact sound insulation performance criteria, whereas 65% of 210mm slabs do. 3) Among the main contribution frequency bands for the determination of single rating index, 63Hz was shown as the most contributive band in 210mm slabs. 4) In comparison of single rating index between bang machine test and ball test. there is a big difference between the two and this phenomenon is frequent in 210mm slab results. 5) Rating Methods for the analysis of cross-correlation between the amount of rating, the usefulness of the arithmetic mean could be secured.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.484-491
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of the intergenerational horticultural activity program on the improvement of emotion and self-esteem for the elderly and young children. When the pre- and post-treatments of the elderly was compared, both the control and treatment didn't show a significant difference in emotion. In self-esteem of the elderly the control didn't show a significant difference; on the contrary, treatment showed a highly significant difference ($p$<0.01). When a comparison was made on the pre- and post-treatment of young children, the control didn't show a significant difference in emotional intelligence; on the contrary, treatment showed a highly significant difference ($p$<0.001). In self-esteem of young children both the control and the treatment didn't show a significant difference. The results suggest that intergenerational horticultural activity program can improve young children's emotional intelligence and the elderly's self-esteem.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1999.10b
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• pp.31-31
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• 1999

Characterization of mutant mice has been utilized as an animal model for the study of human inherited diseases. In addition to the pathogenesis stduy using the mutant mice, the mice have been used for the identification of the genes causing the phenotypes. Functional cloning and positional cloning are two approaches, depending on the phenotypes of the mutant mice. Though it takes a long time positional cloning has been well used to identify the gene of which function can not be presumed from the mouse phenotype. Recently by the advance of the molecular tools and the human genome project close to 10,000 genetic markers are developed to make the procedure faster. We obtained a new mutant mouse, sims, spontaneously arose and the affected mouse has a mild tremor and seizure was observed. Homozygote in either sex is sterile since uterus growth in female and seminal vesicle in male are not induced for the growth in puberty, implying the abnormal hormonal regulation during puberty. Supporting this, there is no detectable testosterone in the serum of the mutant male and the brain of the mutant is 30% heavier than littermate. To identify the location of the mutated gene, intraspecies cross to CAST/Ei was carried out and the 37 affected mice was analyzed for the linkage. The gene was mapped on chromosome 18, 20 cM from the centromere. More than 500 F2 progenies have been analyzed for the linkage and the locus becomes narrow within 3cM between Egrl and Fgf gene.f gene.

• BMB Reports
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.373-378
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• 2019

The nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD) is an innate pattern recognition receptor that recognizes pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns. The 29-kDa amino-terminal fibronectin fragment (29-kDa FN-f) is a matrix degradation product found in the synovial fluids of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated whether NOD2 was involved in 29-kDa FN-f-induced pro-catabolic gene expression in human chondrocytes. The expression of mRNA and protein was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Small interfering RNAs were used for knockdown of NOD2 and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2). An immunoprecipitation assay was performed to examine protein interactions. The NOD2 levels in human OA cartilage were much higher than in normal cartilage. NOD1 and NOD2 expression, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1beta (IL-$1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), were upregulated by 29-kDa FN-f in human chondrocytes. NOD2 silencing showed that NOD2 was involved in the 29-kDa FN-f-induced expression of TLR-2. Expressions of IL-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3, and -13 were also suppressed by TLR-2 knockdown. Furthermore, NOD2 and TLR-2 knockdown data demonstrated that both NOD2 and TLR-2 modulated the expressions of their adaptors, receptorinteracting protein 2 (RIP2) and myeloid differentiation 88, in 29-kDa FN-f-treated chondrocytes. 29-kDa FN-f enhanced the interaction of NOD2, RIP2 and transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), an indispensable signaling intermediate in the TLR-2 signaling pathway, and activated nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$), subsequently leading to increased expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cartilage-degrading enzymes. These results demonstrate that 29-kDa FN-f modulated pro-catabolic responses via cross-regulation of NOD2 and TLR-2 signaling pathways.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.125-142
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• 2019

The study wanted to verify the effect of emotional sub-compression, a negative variable of emotional labor, on job performance, on security personnel working at private security companies, and further to verify how the impact on emotional sub-compression can affect job performance through the first draft of regulation. Empirical analysis through the study model showed that emotional edema was not a significant effect, but a negative effect on job performance, and that it did not affect the control focus itself. This revealed that emotional harmony has been shown to have a negative impact on performance due to the present state and conflicting situations in one's emotions, which means that emotional harmony does not affect negative or positive effects depending on a person's attributes. It also showed that the temperamental control focus on job performance had a positive impact on employees with an improvement focus and had a negative impact on employees with a preventive focus, and that a temperamental control focus between emotional dissonance and job performance had an effect. This indicated that job performance was affected by a temperamental control focus and that employees with an improvement focus had a positive effect and had a positive effect on performance. The implications of the study in this study are that it can have target differentiation in the areas where the study was conducted on guard workers, a social issue related to the study of emotional labor, and it can be meaningful that the study of emotional labor had a control focus and measured both positive and negative tendencies. It is also believed that there will be contributions to the verification of differences in performance resulting from employee propensity and by linking it with a variable called emotional instability. However, the data collected have the limitations of the subject and region, and the emphasis on cross-sectional analysis and the representative of the various emotions to verify the negative effects of emotional labor, and the problem of securing reliability related to the adjustment focus verification are the limitations of the research.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.157-172
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to construct and test a hypothetical model to explain the predictive factors and causal pathways for exercise levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis based on the self-determination theory. A conceptual framework was constructed assuming that autonomy support by health care providers would satisfy the three basic psychological needs of patients, which would increase their autonomous motivation for exercise, resulting in its initiation and continuation. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 221 patients with ankylosing spondylitis who were visiting rheumatology clinics in two tertiary hospitals. Health Care Climate Questionnaire-exercise regularly, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction scale, Behavior Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2, and exercise level were used to collect data. Results: The fitness of the hypothetical model met the recommended level (𝛘²/df ≤ 3, SRMR ≤ .08, RMSEA ≤ .08, GFI ≥ .90, AGFI ≥ .85, NFI ≥ .90, TLI ≥ .90, CFI ≥ .90). The model effect analysis revealed that autonomy support by health care providers had a positive effect on patients' autonomy, competence, relatedness, autonomous motivation, and exercise level. Competence and relatedness had positive effects on autonomous motivation and exercise level, respectively. Autonomous motivation had a positive effect on exercise level. Conclusion: The predictive factors of exercise level in patients with ankylosing spondylitis were autonomous motivation, health care providers' autonomy support, competence, and relatedness. Considering these factors, we recommend the development of an effective program for improving exercise levels in these patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2023

Objectives: To prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), behaviors such as mask-wearing, social distancing, decreasing mobility, and avoiding crowds have been suggested, especially in high-risk countries such as Indonesia. Unfortunately, the level of compliance with those practices has been low. This study was conducted to determine the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors of COVID-19 prevention behavior in Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a mixed-methods approach. The participants were 264 adults from 21 provinces in Indonesia recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a Google Form and in-depth interviews. Statistical analysis included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression. Furthermore, qualitative data analysis was done through content analysis and qualitative data management using Atlas.ti software. Results: Overall, 44.32% of respondents were non-compliant with recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, low-to-medium education level, poor attitude, insufficient involvement of leaders, and insufficient regulation were also associated with decreased community compliance. Based on in-depth interviews with informants, the negligence of the Indonesian government in the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to the unpreparedness of the community to face the pandemic, as people were not aware of the importance of preventive practices. Conclusions: Education level is not the only factor influencing community compliance with recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Changing attitudes through health promotion to increase public awareness and encouraging voluntary community participation through active risk communication are necessary. Regulations and role leaders are also required to improve COVID-19 prevention behavior.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 2024

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase-2 (NTRK2), are well known for their roles in the central nervous and animal reproductive systems. Several studies have observed the extensive expression of BDNF and NTRK2 in non-neuronal tissues, especially reproductive organs. However, most of these studies focused on ovarian development and regulation; thus, scientific research on BDNF and NTRK2 in males is required to determine their roles in the male reproductive system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate BDNF and NTRK2 expression in bovine testes. Methods: Testes were collected from six Hanwoo bulls (6-8 months old). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to investigate the mRNA expression of BDNF and NTRK2 in the testes. Western blot analysis was performed to verify the cross-reactivity of BDNF and NTRK2 antibodies with bovine testicular tissues. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to determine BDNF and NTRK2 protein expression in the testes. Results: RT-PCR analysis revealed BDNF and NTRK2 mRNA expression in bovine testes. In Western blotting, BDNF and NTRK2 protein bands were observed at 32 and 45 kDa, respectively. Immunofluorescence demonstrated BDNF expression in the nuclei of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells as well as in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells. NTRK2 was exclusively expressed in Sertoli cells. These results suggest that BDNF plays a potential role in spermatogenesis via BDNF and NTRK2 signaling in bovine testes, a finding supported by previous results in different animal species. Conclusions: The expression patterns of BDNF and NTRK2 indicate their functional importance in the bovine reproductive system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 2002

Breast cancer cell lines display a wide variety of growth factor receptors, and considerable evidences implicate the importance of signalings from those receptors. A useful prognostic indicator would be the level of activity of a second messenger protein used in common by these receptors. Our studies were designed to obtain preliminary information on the possible role of polyamine as a mediator of the membrane-associated protein phosphorylation and as a regulator of second messenger in mitogenic signal of estrogen or growth factors in MCF-7 human breast lancer cells. DFMO significantly inhibited the phosphorylation induced by $E_2$, TGF-$\alpha$ and EGF in membrane-associated proteins (154, 134, 116, and 104 kDa). Exogenous polyamines abolished the inhibitory effect of DFMO. Tyrosine phosphorylations of membrane-associated proteins were not increased by $E_2$ or growth factor treatments and not affected DFMO treatment. Polyamine administration markedly enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylation of membrane-associated proteins (154, 134, and 116 kDa). In the present study, $E_2$ and TGF-$\alpha$ and EGF enhanced protein phosphorylation in the almost same levels. These data indicate that $E_2$ and growth factor signaling pathway may cross-talk through various protein kinase which phosphorylated many substrate proteins (154, 134, 116 and 104 kDa). Polyamines may be involved in growth signaling pathway of $E_2$ and TGF-$\alpha$ or EGF for the cross-talk through regulation of the protein phosphorylation such as 154, 134, 116 and 104 kDa. Polyamine may also selectively interfere with several different protein kinases, and the specific steps in signal transduction system were effected by polyamines.