• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of black rice extract (BRE) on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Methanolic extract from black rice was evaluated for the protective effect on TBHP-induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells. Several biomarkers that modulate cell survival and death including reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase-3 activity, and related cellular kinases were determined. RESULTS: TBHP induced cell death and apoptosis by a rapid increase in ROS generation and caspase-3 activity. Moreover, TBHP-induced oxidative stress resulted in a transient ERK1/2 activation and a sustained increase of JNK1/2 activation. While, BRE pretreatment protects the cells against oxidative stress by reducing cell death, caspase-3 activity, and ROS generation and also by preventing ERKs deactivation and the prolonged JNKs activation. Moreover, pretreatment of BRE increased the activation of ERKs and Akt which are pro-survival signal proteins. However, this effect was blunted in the presence of ERKs and Akt inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that activation of ERKs and Akt pathway might be involved in the cytoprotective effect of BRE against oxidative stress. Our findings provide new insights into the cytoprotective effects and its possible mechanism of black rice against oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.127-134
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of air temperature during midsummer on sunburn occurrence that had some problems recently on 'Fuji'/M.9 planting system in Korea. There was a positive relationship between sunburn incidence and accumulated days with high air temperature over $31^{\circ}C$, or accumulated total quantum per day. 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees with relatively open canopies, compared to 'Fuji'/M.26, were more susceptible to sunburn injury because the fruit was more exposed to sunlight. In 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees, those that were poor in vigor or with short bourse shoot length were more susceptible to sunburn injury. Sunburn incidence was affected by neither regions nor row orientations. Sunburn was observed most often on the fruits on the south and west sides of the trees. The reason was due to high skin temperature of the fruits reaching $40{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ under full sunlight.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to investigate effects of herbicide application method on Abutilon avicennae control and corn yield at the forage experimental field, grassland and forage crop division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1996 to 1997. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replication. The herbicide application consisted of control, 2-3 leaf stage(Dicamba), 5-6 leaf stage (Dicamba) and soil treatment(Pendimetha1in). The hybrid of corn used in this experiment was P 3352. The results obtained are summarized as follow; 1. The plant and ear height was the lowest at control. Tasseling and silking date were delayed 3-4 day at control. The length and weight of ear were the highest at Dicamba treatment in 2-3 leaf stage. 2. The herbicide injury of corn was detected slightly after 10-20 day but the injury was recovered soon. The weed control efficiency was 96.7 and 81.8% at Dicamba treatment in 2-3 and 5-6 leaf stage, respectively. 3. The fresh and dry matter yield of Dicamba treatment in 2-3 leaf stage was higher than that of control by 36%, but no significant difference was found among herbicide application method. 4. Herbicide application method had little effect on the ADF, NDF and CP contents, but the CP and IVDMD of ear were higher than that of stover. The results of this experiment indicate that the application of Dicarnba in 2-6 leaf stage of corn will remove almost all of A butilon avicennae and increase DM yield of corn.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.516-526
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• 2003

Thirty-six barley varieties including Korean modern and local varieties were tested for drought-tolerance in the field of plastic rain shelter, Drought treatment was initiated at initial tillering stage (March 27, 2002) by withholding irrigation and lasted until harvest. Soil water potential maintained at around -0.05㎫ in the control plot and varied from -0.05㎫ (at the initial stage of drought treatment) to -0.29㎫ in the drought treatment plot. At forty days after drought treatment, relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (OP), osmotic adjustment (OA), and $^{13}\textrm{C}$ discrimination ($\Delta$) were measured and then plants were sampled for leaf area index (LAI) and dry weight (DW). Barley was harvested at maturity for determining DW, grain yield, 1000 grains weight and number of spikelet. The tested varieties revealed wide spectrum of drought tolerance. Dongbori-1, Chalbori, Changyeongjaerae, Samdobori and Weolseong 87-31 showed strong drought-tolerance while Songhagbori and Suwonmaeg360 showed weak drought-tolerance. The drought injury indexes (drought/control ratio) of DW and yield revealed significant positive correlation with leaf RWC in drought treatment plot and $\Delta$ in the control plot, but obvious negative correlation with leaf OP and OA under drought condition. In addition, all the drought indexes of OP, $\Delta$ and RWC showed obvious positive correlation with the drought injury indexes of DW, 1000 grain weight and yield. Thus, OP and RWC under drought condition and $\Delta$ under well-watered condition would be used as the evaluation criteria for drought- tolerance of barley genotypes. However, further investigation is needed for the relationship between $\Delta$ and drought-tolerance as the other reports were not consistent with our result.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.402-408
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• 2002

Rice cultivar 'Janganbyeo' was cultivated by irrigating the saline waters of high salinity (3.0%) and medium saliniy (1.5%) for 4 days, and low salinity (0.5%) for 30 days at tillering, early meiosis and heading stage. Leaf injury due to salinity was most severe at tillering stage in 1999, but at heading stage in 2000. Heading date was delayed by 1 to 5 days by treatment of saline waters only at tillering stage. Culm length and panicle length were most severely shortened by treatment at early meiosis stage. Yield and yield components except for panicle number were decreased most by high salinity treatment regardless of growth stages. In particular, ripening ratio and grain weight among the yield components were decreased most conspicuously by the saline water treatment regardless of salinity and growth stage. Regarding grain weight grain-filling rate and duration, there is no remarked difference among the concentrations and treatment durations of saline water at tillering stage. However, their reductions were very different among the concentrations and treatment durations of saline water at early meiosis stage, being greatest when treated with high salinity for 4 days and followed by low salinity for 30 days. Also their reductions were very severe only when treated with high salinity for 4 days at heading stage.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.100-104
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• 1983

Responses of barley cultivars including 8 covered barley cultivars and 8 naked barley cultivars to butachlor, terbutryn, and methabenzthiazuron were evaluated by determinating crop injury, dry weight and chlorophyll content of barley seedlings. Most barley cultivars were tolerant to butachlor at 1478 ai/10a (recommended rate) but Olbori, Dongbori, and Gangbori were slightly sensitive to butachlor at 294g ai/10a. Sensitivity to terbutryn was generally greater in naked barley cultivars than hulled barley cultivars. Dongbori, Buhobori, and Bunong of hulled barley and Bangsa #6, Kwangseung, Nonsangwa # 1-6, and Iri #4 of naked barley were highly sensitive to terbutryn at 350g ai/10a (double dosage). Most barley cultivars were relatively tolerant to methabenzthiazuron except Iri #4. Dry weight of barley seedlings was not reduced by butachlor, terbutryn, and methabenzthiazuron at recommended rate. However, terbutryn at 350g ai/l0a greatly reduced dry weight of all barley cultivars, especially naked barley cultivars. Chlorophyll content of Owealbori, Dongbori #1, Jogangbori, Bangsa #6, Backdong, and Kwangseung was slightly reduced by butachlor. Terbutryn at 175g ai/10a reduced chlorophyll content of Owealbori, Olbori, and Nonsangwa #1-6 and all cultivars were greatly reduced by terbutryn at 350g ai/10a. Methabenzthiazuron slightly reduced chlorophyll content of Jogangbori, Dongbori #1, Owealbori, Backdong, Kwangseung, and Nonsangwa # 1-6.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 1998

The potentials of some Korean wild plants as a phytoremediator for cleaning heavy metal pollution were measured. Several plant species, Ambrosia trifida, Brassica juncea, Rumex crispus, and Abutilon theophrasti screened previously for phytoremediator were treated with cadmium and copper solution. In order to know the growth response to heavy metal stress, the plants were cultivated in hydroponic system containing heavy metals with different concentration. To know the effects of heavy metals on emergence and seedling growth, seeds of 4 species were sown in the pot and watered with heavy metal solution adjusted pH to 6.5, 5.5, and 4.5. A proposed species as potential phytoremediator, A. trifida, showed tolerance to $20{\mu}mol/L$ Cd and $80{\mu}mol/L$ Cu in nutrient solution without apparent growth reduction, and up to $100{\mu}mol/L$ Cd and $400{\mu}mol/L$ Cu without critical visual injury. Up to 311mg/kg of Cd and 369mg/kg were accumulated in dried aerial part in A. trifida. In contrast, A. theophrasti showed injury at $400{\mu}mol/L$ Cu. Significant differences were shown in Cu accumulation among the four species. A. trifida had much higher concentrations of Cd in the shoot, whereas R, crispus accumulated higher concentrations of Cd in the shoot. Testing plant species showed reduced emergence rate with heavy metal treatment. When pH was lowered, the emergence and seedling growth were affected severely with heavy metal. We can suggested that A. trifida was the most proper species for phytoremediation in heavy metal-polluted regions.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 1982

To investigate the effect of isoproturon (N,N-dimethyl-N-4-isopropyl phenyl urea) on weed-killing, crop injury and yield of barley, several experiments were conducted by application time, dosage, cultivars and soil texture. For the effective control of weeds the optimum application time was foliage application after winter. Alopecurus aequalis SOBOL was effectively controlled when isoproturon should be applied at three to four leaf-stage and most annual broad-leave weeds emerged through winter and spring could be controlled when applied even at five to six leaf-stage. But among the broad-leave weeds Vicia amoena Fisch. was resistant to isoproturn. The optimum application rate of isoproturon was 240g-300g/10a (prod.). Among 11 cultivars of barley and wheat, phytotoxicity of Olmil, Jokwang and Rye was slighter than that of the other cultivars when isoproturon was treated by foliage application after winter. At the time of foliage application after winter, the variation of phytotoxicity and effectiveness was a little despite the difference of soil texture and the grain yield of barley was higher in the plots treated 240-300g/10a than in other treated plots.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 1970

To research the seeding systems and the varieties adapted to mechanization in barley and wheat culture in Korea, the studies were carried out from October, 1969 to June, 1970 at Suwon. In these studies, six kinds of seeding systems of drilling and dibbling that seems to adapted to mechanization were tested as compared with the customary seeding system, furrowing moderately or widely, using three varieties of barley, Suwon ＃18, Barsoy and Buhufng, and three varieties of wheat, Wonkwang, Yucseung ＃3 and Yeungkwang, under the two fertilizer levels of standard and double. The summarize results gained were as follows; 1. Buhung seemed to be the most suitable variety in barley as it yielded the most and matured early and grew the safest. Barsoy suffered from winter injury. 2. Yeungkwang seemed to be the most suitable variety in wheat as it yielded the most and produced the largest grain ani grew the safest, however it matured late. Wonkwang suffered heavily from lodging injury. 3. More yield were produced and there were no increase of cultural dangers except lodging in double fertilizer level. 4. Seeding system of drilling and dibbling seems to be able to put in practice safely under the double fertilizer level when lodging resistant varieties are selected. 5. Rate of yields increase in comparison with the customary seeding system of moderate furrowing were 16 percent in drilling of 20 centimeter spacing, 13 percent in wide furrowing and 12 percent in dibbling of 20 ${\times}$ 12 centimeter spacing in barley and also 9 percent in wide furrowing, 8 percent in dibbling of 20 ${\times}$ 12 centimeter spacing and 7 percent in drilling of 20 centimeter spacing in wheat. 6. The most important cause of above yields increase seems to be the increase of spike number per unit area. 7. Yields increase by drilling as compared with furrowing was not caused by higher rate of seeding. 8. The plants matured a bit earlier by drilling and dibbling. 9. Better stands of seedling were fount in dibbling due to the promotion of germination by tramping. 10. An increase of yields will be expected by decreasing the spacing in drilling and dibbling.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.248-254
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• 1990

Initial crop injury, plant growth and yield of machine-transplanted rice of seedlings different in plant age (8-, 20-, and 35-day-old seedlings) after application of herbicides were investigated in field. The herbicides employed were butachlor, dithiopyr, pyrazolate(applied only for 8-day-old seedling), dithiopyr+pyrazolate, dithiopyr+ bensulfuron methyl), and butachlor+bensulfuron methyl(applied only for 20-and 35-day-old seedlings). There was no significant difference in plant growth, yield components and yield between the different-aged seedlings of the untreated check, except for the heading date, The heading date of 8-day-old seedling was delayed for 2 and 6 days as compared with those of 20-and 35-day-old seedlings, respectively. A very slight initial crop injury was found with the tested herbicides for all the different-aged seedlings. No significant differences in plant height and tiller number occurred between different-aged seedlings and the respective untreated check. All the herbicides used gave a good weeding effect. Yield components and yields were not affected by different-aged seedlings after application of the herbicides.