• 제목/요약/키워드: credit problems

검색결과 277건 처리시간 0.027초

UCP 600의 주요개정 내용 및 실무적용상의 문제점에 대한 관한 연구 (Critical Revision Issue and The Problems Appling in Practical Operation for UCP 600)

  • 양의동
    • 통상정보연구
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.381-399
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    • 2007
  • UCP 600 will now come into effect on 1 July 2007, giving practitioners more than six months to prepare for the change. The vote on the UCP was also a favourable vote on eUCP Version 1.1 which was amended to bring it into conformity with the new rules. ICC Banking commission unanimeusly approved the revised UCP 600 on 26 October 2006 in paris convention. The most important revision of UCP600 have altered the technical and difficult to understand wording of UCP500 into plain simple precise and concise language, The singuler achievement of UCP600 is its elimination of phrase like "reasonable care" "reasonable time" and "an it's face" from the rule. The introduction of separate articles 2 and 3 on "Definitions" and "Interpretation" which contain the concept of "honour" along with the inclusion of certain ISBP wording in UCP, should bring about far greater clarity and precision than in many of the contentions articles in UCP500. The definition of negotiation should help lay to rest the controversies surrounding the terms of negotiation. The removal of reasonable time and the replacement by five banking days should speed the process and make L/Cs more attractive in the market, nevertheless UCP600 have many problems in appling it in practical field. For example the definition of credit, negotiation and purchase it's accepted or undertaken payment draft by accepting bank or deferred payment bank, the second advising bark's position etc. so, I will introduce in this thesis the important revised articles of UCP600 and investigate the problems in applying it in practicle field with reference to the specialist's opinion of the practical field and ICC opinions of drafting Group.

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무역계약(貿易契約)에서의 매도인(賣渡人)의 의무위반(義務違反)에 따른 매수인(買受人)의 구제(救濟)에 관한 연구(硏究) - UNCCIS 1980을 중심(中心)으로 - (A Study on the Buyer's Remedy resulting from the Breach of Seller's Duty in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods focusing on UNCCIS, 1980)

  • 최명국
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제5권
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    • pp.7-44
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    • 1993
  • This study is focused on the review of buyer's remedy resulting from the breach of seller's duty in contracts for the international sale of goods focusing on UNCCIS, 1980 and the problems and suggestions of proper ideas for solving the problems. First problem on the buyer's remedy is related to the breach of seller's duty on del ivory of the contracted goods. When seller has failed to deliver the contracted goods to buyer within the stipulated periods, buyer can treat the contract as avoided and claim damages from seller. By the way, since UNCCIS does not provide any stipulation on the time of buyer's avoidance of the contract, buyer can delay the time of avoidance when the price of contracted goods is rising rapidly and enlarge the amount of damages, Since this stipulation is clearly unreasonable, proper solutions are required for UNCCIS. Second problem is related to the breach of seller's duty on deliver of goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packged in the manner required by the contract. When seller has failed to deliver goods which are confirm with the contract, buyer may have one of the two rights of damages and the price reduction according to UNCCIS provided that he does not choose the avoidance. But, since the character and position of the price reduction as a buyer's remedy are not sufficient solutions, more detailed review on this point is required. Third, Seller's duty to provide documents is very important for overseas trade, but UNCCIS does not provide any specific buyer's remedy in comparison with the other remedy and also does not provide any stipulation on the Letter of Credit which have important roles for a device of setting payment in overseas trade. This means that trade customs and practice have not sufficiently reflected in UNCCIS. As the problems mentioned above may decrease the evaluation of buyer's remedy in UNCCIS and, furthermore, that of UNCCIS itself, proper solutions on these points are needed.

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Challenges and Opportunities of Small Business Management and Start-Ups in India

  • Potluri, Rajasekhara Mouly;Lee, Jung Wan;Khan, Saqib Rasool;Vali, Syed Mastan
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제10권7호
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    • pp.5-11
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    • 2012
  • The core objective of this research article is to investigate different challenges and opportunities in management as well as start-ups of small businesses in India. The prudence behind this research is to examine various problems in front of the small businesses and to offer vital support and cooperation to overcome those with the support of concerned institutions through consultancy and training programs. The researchers have an intention to make available the research results to the governmental agencies, concerned small business institutions and also to the educational institutions which are continually design plans, programs, policies and strategies to upgrade the managerial and technical dexterities of the small business Indian operators. After thorough revision of relevant literature on small businesses and its management, the researchers used a well structured questionnaire and in-depth personal interviews with 586small business operators selected from manufacturing, trading (retailing and wholesaling), finance, servicing/repair businesses which are located in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh in India. The researchers have used convenience sampling and collected data was analyzed with the support of Microsoft Excel and frequency distribution. Noticeably, majority of the small businessmen in India are facing myriad number of challenges both in management and at the time of establishment of their business operations. In particular, 72.47 percent of small businesses operators' have substantiated their strong opinion towards the challenges they are facing particularly finance, marketing and other problems while managing their businesses. The researchers also attempted to get the opinions on problems of the various categories of small businesses while starting their operations. A staggering 68percent of respondents identified the problems related to preparation of business plan, location selection, marketing and other problems like lack of proper credit facilities, skilled manpower, and other infra related problems while setting up of their businesses. On an average, 64.62 and 63.51 percent of small businesses are facing various kinds of problems both at the time of day-to-day management as well as start-up of their businesses respectively. The present research confined with the opinions of only four categories of small business operators particularly from the manufacturing, finance, trading (retailing and wholesaling), and servicing/repair which are continuing their business operations from the nine coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh in India. The present study emphatically provides concrete information required to the business community for identifying an assortment of challenges faced by different small business operators in managing and at the time of their inception. This research paper is first of its kind from this part of the world by offering extensive and credible information required for prospective entrepreneurs in facing the dynamic challenges in managing their business. Furthermore, this research presents invaluable inputs to the stakeholders like all types of governments, policy makers, practitioners, researchers, and educators' about the various impediments faced by the small business community in India.

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공인탐정 관련 법률(안)의 문제점과 개선방안에 관한 연구 (A Study on Act on Certified Detective and Certified Detective Business)

  • 김봉수;추봉조
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제61호
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    • pp.285-305
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    • 2019
  • 공인탐정제도 도입에 따른 경제적 효과는 도입시 조사영엽의 합법화와 경비, 조사시장의 활성화로 약 4,877억원의 매출이, 장기적으로는 1조 2,724억원의 매출효과가 연구발표되었다. 탐정업의 도입필요성은 "미래 유망분야의 새로운 직업"으로 선정되어 '신직업'으로 보고 있고, '사실 조사를 지원하는 공인탐정제도'는 현 정부의 공약이기도 했다. 이에 현재 계류중인 법안이 국회를 통과하면 합법적으로 탐정들의 사실조사가 가능해 진다. 최근 국회에 '공인탐정법안', '공인탐정 및 공인탐정업에 관한 법률안'이 계류중이다. 공인탐정제도 도입에 대한 합법과 불법의 경계에 관한 논의가 지속되고 있다. 탐정제도는 OECD 가입 34개국 중 우리나라를 제외한 모든 국가에서 허용되고 있으며, 물론 각국의 실정에 맞게 자격인증, 교육, 영업 등록 등 다양한 관리제도를 통해 국민의 권익보호에 필요한 탐정업의 장점은 활성화하면서 부작용 등 단점은 최소화되고 있다. 따라서 우리도 탐정을 금지할 것이 아니라 적정한 관리를 통해 새로운 제도를 받아들일 필요가 있으며, 새로운 청년의 일자리와 퇴직근로자들의 일자리 창출을 할 수 있는 새로운 직업이 창출되어야 할 것이다. 물론 기존의 신용조사업, 경비업, 손해사정사 등으로 우리나라에서도 개별적으로 조사 관련 업무가 일부 진행되고 탐정이라는 새로운 제도를 도입하여 시행하다 보면, 업무의 혼란으로 더 큰 우려가 야기될 수 있다는 주장도 있다. 하지만 관련 직군과의 업무의 충돌문제도 열린 새로운 연구와 제도 및 정책의 제안이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 윤재옥 의원의 '공인탐정법안', 이완영의원의 '공인탐정 및 공인탐정업에 관한 법률안'의 주요 내용을 바탕으로 왜 탐정 입법안이 조속히 마련되어야 하는지, 탐정과 일자리 창출과 어떤 관련이 있는지, 탐정제도를 도입하게 되었을 경우 자격면제 기준에 왜 엄격한 법제화가 필요한지, 공인탐정제도의 불명확성으로 어떤 우려가 될 수 있는지 크게 4가지에 관련된 문제점을 제시하여, 첫째, 헌법재판소의 탐정유사명칭 사용금지와 치안수요의 한계에 대한 합법과 불법의 모호성으로 조속한 입법안이 마련되어야 하며, 둘째, '심부름센터', '흥신소'등의 음성화로 사회적 문제점을 일자리 창출과 연계하여 공인탐정법안의 필요성을 살펴보고, 셋째, 공인탐정자격 면제 기준의 문제을 엄격한 법제화를 통해 탐정 제도의 도입에 대한 부분을 살펴보고, 마지막으로 공인탐정업무의 불명확성에 대한 우려에 대한 개선방안을 제시해 보고자 한다.

인공지능 기반 금융서비스의 공정성 확보를 위한 체크리스트 제안: 인공지능 기반 개인신용평가를 중심으로 (A Checklist to Improve the Fairness in AI Financial Service: Focused on the AI-based Credit Scoring Service)

  • 김하영;허정윤;권호창
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.259-278
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    • 2022
  • 인공지능(AI)의 확산과 함께 금융 분야에서도 상품추천, 고객 응대 자동화, 이상거래탐지, 신용 심사 등 다양한 인공지능 기반 서비스가 확대되고 있다. 하지만 데이터에 기반한 기계학습의 특성상 신뢰성과 관련된 문제 발생과 예상하지 못한 사회적 논란도 함께 발생하고 있다. 인공지능의 효용은 극대화하고 위험과 부작용은 최소화할 수 있는 신뢰할 수 있는 인공지능에 대한 필요성은 점점 더 커지고 있다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구는 소비자의 금융 생활에 직접 영향을 끼치는 인공지능 기반 개인신용평가의 공정성 확보를 위한 체크리스트 제안을 통해 인공지능 기반 금융서비스에 대한 신뢰 향상에 기여하고자 하였다. 인공지능 신뢰성의 주요 핵심 요소인 투명성, 안전성, 책무성, 공정성 중 포용 금융의 관점에서 자동화된 알고리즘의 혜택을 사회적 차별 없이 모두가 누릴 수 있도록 공정성을 연구 대상으로 선정하였다. 문헌 연구를 통해 공정성이 영향을 끼치는 서비스 운용의 전 과정을 데이터, 알고리즘, 사용자의 세 개의 영역으로 구분하고, 12가지 하위 점검 항목과 항목별 세부 권고안으로 체크리스트를 구성하였다. 구성한 체크리스트는 이해관계자(금융 분야 종사자, 인공지능 분야 종사자, 일반 사용자)별 계층적 분석과정(AHP)을 통해 점검 항목에 대한 상대적 중요도 및 우선순위를 도출하였다. 이해관계자별 중요도에 따라 세 개의 그룹으로 분류하여 분석한 결과 학습데이터와 비금융정보 활용에 대한 타당성 검증 및 신규 유입 데이터 모니터링의 필요성 등 실용적 측면에서 구체적인 점검 사항을 파악하였고, 금융 소비자인 일반 사용자의 경우 결과에 대한 해석 오류 및 편향성 확인에 대한 중요도를 높게 평가한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과가 더 공정한 인공지능 기반 금융서비스의 구축과 운영에 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다.

다분류 SVM을 이용한 DEA기반 벤처기업 효율성등급 예측모형 (The Prediction of DEA based Efficiency Rating for Venture Business Using Multi-class SVM)

  • 박지영;홍태호
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.139-155
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    • 2009
  • For the last few decades, many studies have tried to explore and unveil venture companies' success factors and unique features in order to identify the sources of such companies' competitive advantages over their rivals. Such venture companies have shown tendency to give high returns for investors generally making the best use of information technology. For this reason, many venture companies are keen on attracting avid investors' attention. Investors generally make their investment decisions by carefully examining the evaluation criteria of the alternatives. To them, credit rating information provided by international rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's, Moody's and Fitch is crucial source as to such pivotal concerns as companies stability, growth, and risk status. But these types of information are generated only for the companies issuing corporate bonds, not venture companies. Therefore, this study proposes a method for evaluating venture businesses by presenting our recent empirical results using financial data of Korean venture companies listed on KOSDAQ in Korea exchange. In addition, this paper used multi-class SVM for the prediction of DEA-based efficiency rating for venture businesses, which was derived from our proposed method. Our approach sheds light on ways to locate efficient companies generating high level of profits. Above all, in determining effective ways to evaluate a venture firm's efficiency, it is important to understand the major contributing factors of such efficiency. Therefore, this paper is constructed on the basis of following two ideas to classify which companies are more efficient venture companies: i) making DEA based multi-class rating for sample companies and ii) developing multi-class SVM-based efficiency prediction model for classifying all companies. First, the Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) is a non-parametric multiple input-output efficiency technique that measures the relative efficiency of decision making units(DMUs) using a linear programming based model. It is non-parametric because it requires no assumption on the shape or parameters of the underlying production function. DEA has been already widely applied for evaluating the relative efficiency of DMUs. Recently, a number of DEA based studies have evaluated the efficiency of various types of companies, such as internet companies and venture companies. It has been also applied to corporate credit ratings. In this study we utilized DEA for sorting venture companies by efficiency based ratings. The Support Vector Machine(SVM), on the other hand, is a popular technique for solving data classification problems. In this paper, we employed SVM to classify the efficiency ratings in IT venture companies according to the results of DEA. The SVM method was first developed by Vapnik (1995). As one of many machine learning techniques, SVM is based on a statistical theory. Thus far, the method has shown good performances especially in generalizing capacity in classification tasks, resulting in numerous applications in many areas of business, SVM is basically the algorithm that finds the maximum margin hyperplane, which is the maximum separation between classes. According to this method, support vectors are the closest to the maximum margin hyperplane. If it is impossible to classify, we can use the kernel function. In the case of nonlinear class boundaries, we can transform the inputs into a high-dimensional feature space, This is the original input space and is mapped into a high-dimensional dot-product space. Many studies applied SVM to the prediction of bankruptcy, the forecast a financial time series, and the problem of estimating credit rating, In this study we employed SVM for developing data mining-based efficiency prediction model. We used the Gaussian radial function as a kernel function of SVM. In multi-class SVM, we adopted one-against-one approach between binary classification method and two all-together methods, proposed by Weston and Watkins(1999) and Crammer and Singer(2000), respectively. In this research, we used corporate information of 154 companies listed on KOSDAQ market in Korea exchange. We obtained companies' financial information of 2005 from the KIS(Korea Information Service, Inc.). Using this data, we made multi-class rating with DEA efficiency and built multi-class prediction model based data mining. Among three manners of multi-classification, the hit ratio of the Weston and Watkins method is the best in the test data set. In multi classification problems as efficiency ratings of venture business, it is very useful for investors to know the class with errors, one class difference, when it is difficult to find out the accurate class in the actual market. So we presented accuracy results within 1-class errors, and the Weston and Watkins method showed 85.7% accuracy in our test samples. We conclude that the DEA based multi-class approach in venture business generates more information than the binary classification problem, notwithstanding its efficiency level. We believe this model can help investors in decision making as it provides a reliably tool to evaluate venture companies in the financial domain. For the future research, we perceive the need to enhance such areas as the variable selection process, the parameter selection of kernel function, the generalization, and the sample size of multi-class.

멀티 에이전트 강화학습 기술 동향 (A Survey on Recent Advances in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning)

  • 유병현;데브라니 데비;김현우;송화전;박경문;이성원
    • 전자통신동향분석
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    • 제35권6호
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    • pp.137-149
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    • 2020
  • Several multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have achieved overwhelming results in recent years. They have demonstrated their potential in solving complex problems in the field of real-time strategy online games, robotics, and autonomous vehicles. However these algorithms face many challenges when dealing with massive problem spaces in sparse reward environments. Based on the centralized training and decentralized execution (CTDE) architecture, the MARL algorithms discussed in the literature aim to solve the current challenges by formulating novel concepts of inter-agent modeling, credit assignment, multiagent communication, and the exploration-exploitation dilemma. The fundamental objective of this paper is to deliver a comprehensive survey of existing MARL algorithms based on the problem statements rather than on the technologies. We also discuss several experimental frameworks to provide insight into the use of these algorithms and to motivate some promising directions for future research.

윤리경영 인과지도를 바탕으로 분석한 한국의 카드사 고객정보 유출 사건: 시스템다이내믹스를 활용한 원인 탐구와 해결책 모색 (The Analyzing the Consumer Information Leak Case of Korean Card Companies with Business Ethics CLD: Studying on Cause and Solution with System Dynamics)

  • 김승범;신호상
    • 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.77-105
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    • 2016
  • Whenever Information leak case had been happened, even though IT Infra systems were reinforced, those cases of kind were not decreased. It meant that the causes are not only the fault of IT, but also other things. So that the information leak cases should have been studied by the interdisciplinary way. There was a point of view for the Business Ethics which needed to be studied in the interdisciplinary way. Financial Information Leak Case of three representative Card Companies in Korea which is happened in 2014 was a case which was composed by many problems. These were bad circumstances, half-educated, lower salary, and the most of all, the C-Levels' ignorance of the law. By studying the CLD: Causal Loop Diagram of Business Ethics and those mentioned factors, few meanings were discovered. Firstly, this case was not a accident, but a predeterminate issue at all, because of the structural unethical corruption. Secondly, main reason of this case was not only criminals who leaked information, but also managers, especially CEO who didn't obey the law, forced that to employees. Thirdly, although those companies had moral guide and did CSR activities, it was not help to protect this information leak case. This study shows that the important thing was not the action for showing, but effective action to management for sustainability.

간호교육에서 프로그램 학습의 적용에 관한 고찰 (On the Application of Programmed Instruction to Nursing Education)

  • 김애실
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.5-12
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    • 1972
  • Programmed instruction has recent]y advanced greatly thinks to extensive world-wide research. Many countries including the United States have increasingly applied the method not only to education, but to such fields as the armed forces and business circles, too. The author has paid great attention to the programmed instruction of other countries and its application to nursing education in Korea. The author studied the matter mainly through descriptive research and has come conclusions as follows: 1) The nursing education in Korea is confronted with the great challenge of how to provide more effective learning for increased learners. Programmed instruction could meet the challenge partially and improve the general quality of student nurse. 2) Programmed instruction could reduce the required study hours by one-third so that the current excessive school credit system could be rearranged properly. 3) Programmed instruction could provide teachers and professors with more free hours to spend with students and give them advice on a kind of tutorial basis. This could bridge the gaps among the students so the improvement of the average quality of learners could be attained. There are, however, many unsolved problems in applying the programmed instruction to nursing education in Korea. Further research should be made to work out a more effective programmed instruction fit to the reality of Korea's nursing education.

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Three-dimensional numerical simulation for the prediction of product shape in sheet casting process

  • Chae, Kyung-Sun;Lee, Mi-Hye;Lee, Seong-Jae;Lee, Seung-Jong
    • Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.107-117
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    • 2000
  • Prediction of the product shape in sheet casting process is performed from the numerical simulation. A three-dimensional finite element method is used to investigate the flow behavior and to examine the effects of processing conditions on the sheet produced. Effects of inertia, gravity, surface tension and non-Newtonian viscosity on the thickness profile of the sheet are considered since the edge bead and the flow patterns in the chill roll region have great influence on the quality of the products. In the numerical simulation with free surface flows, the spine method is adopted to update the free surface, and the force-free boundary condition is imposed along the take-up plane to avoid severe singularity problems existing at the take-up plane. From the numerical results of steady isothermal flows of a generalized Newtonian fluid, it is shown that the draw ratio plays a major role in predicting the shape of the final sheet produced and the surface tension has considerable effect on the bead thickness ratio and the bead width fraction, while shear-thinning and/or tension-thickening viscosity affect the degree of neck-in.

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