• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.1 s.27
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• pp.7-20
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• 1989

A serial cephalometric study was undertaken to define the growth of the soft tissue facial profile in Korean children. The sample was composed of 25 males and 15 females for whom yearly cephalometric records were taken from the ages of 6 to 13 years. From the tracings, points on skeletal and soft tissue profiles were located and recorded on magnetic tape utilizing a Calcomp Talos RP660 X-Y digitizer. Linear and angular measurements of soft tissues were made directly from tape in a Cyber 174-16 computer after cephalometric enlargement had been corrected. A statistical evaluation was made of the data and the average profile diagrams in male and female were described by a Calcomp 960 pen plotter. On the basis of the findings of this study, the following trends were established. 1. The most prominent growth in soft tissue facial profile thickness was the nose and the least was the forehead. 2. The general growth direction of the soft facial tissue to the cranium described the downward and forward. 3. The degree of soft tissue facial convexity was decidely more than that exhibited earlier in life even though the soft tissue chin had protruded to the cranium. 4. The measurements indicated a general tendency for males to have larger nose and more convex and long soft tissue facial profile than did females. 5. Males showed significantly more growth than females in base of the upper lip and height of the upper anterior facial profile. 6. There was a difference between males and females in the rates of soft tissue facial profile growth. 7. Korean children showed less convex in the soft tissue profile convexity than did American children.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.447-456
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• 1987

The osteological development of the larvae and juveniles of Prognichthys agoo was examined on the laboratory-roared materials of 5.06-20.01 mm in mean total length(MTL). Cranium, vertebrae, caudal skeleton, siloulder girdle bone, pelvic girdle bone, pterygiophore and jaw bones were descriued in detail to examine the sequences of ossification. Ossification of the cranium took place at ca. 5.06 mm of MTL in exoccipital, basioccipital, parasphenoid. Ossification of the visceral skeleton occurred in areas where active movements of bones were required, notably in the parts for feeding and respiration. Vertebrae began to develop from the anterior end and to ossify posteriorly. Neural and haemal spines of vertebrae ossified always prior to the corresponding centra. Urostyle bone developed as an elongated bone from the early larvae and ossified prior to the centra caudal part. In jaw bones, maxillary and a part of dentary appeared first at 5.06 mm of MTL and attained a fundamental structure at 9.30 mm of MTL. Ossification of all bones was nearly completed at ca. 20.01 mm of MTL.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.231-240
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• 1998

The characteristics of cranium, vertebral column and fin supports of Acanthorhodeus gracilis were examined. The fish did not have a fontanell in cranium nor process of supraethmoid. It had double orbitosphenoids and a basioccipital process developed from anterior portion of basioccipital. It had a high and triangular dorsal process on supraoccipital. In the urohyal, hypohyal attachment was bifurcated and horizontal and vertical plate were in an elongated rhombus shape with posterior edge pointed. It had teeth of 1-rowed, 5/5 and 4 free teeth. The fish did not have a coracoid foramen on shoulder girdle. It does not have a uroneural on ural centrum. It had a long and slender posterior process of pelvic bone. It had a large and flat supraneural. The fish had 14 or 15 interneural spines, of which the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th had single basiosts and the rest had double basiosts. It had 11 or 12 interhemal spines, of which the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th had single basiosts and the rest had double basiosts.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.541-546
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• 2012

Objective : The prefabrication of customized cranioplastic implants has been introduced to overcome the difficulties of intra-operative implant molding. The authors present a new technique, which consists of the prefabrication of implant molds using three-dimensional (3D) printers and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) casting. Methods : A total of 16 patients with large skull defects (>100 $cm^2$) underwent cranioplasty between November 2009 and April 2011. For unilateral cranial defects, 3D images of the skull were obtained from preoperative axial 1-mm spiral computed tomography (CT) scans. The image of the implant was generated by a digital subtraction mirror-imaging process using the normal side of the cranium as a model. For bilateral cranial defects, precraniectomy routine spiral CT scan data were merged with postcraniectomy 3D CT images following a smoothing process. Prefabrication of the mold was performed by the 3D printer. Intraoperatively, the PMMA implant was created with the prefabricated mold, and fit into the cranial defect. Results : The median operation time was $184.36{\pm}26.07$ minutes. Postoperative CT scans showed excellent restoration of the symmetrical contours and curvature of the cranium in all cases. The median follow-up period was 23 months (range, 14-28 months). Postoperative infection was developed in one case (6.2%) who had an open wound defect previously. Conclusion : Customized cranioplasty PMMA implants using 3D printer may be a useful technique for the reconstruction of various cranial defects.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to determine whether any difference existed in craniofacial morphology between parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate and parents of children without cleft lip and/or palate as well as the characteristics of craniofacial morphology in parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate. Thirty three measurements of the various regions of cranium and face were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiograms in parents of 28 children with cleft lip and palate, 18 children with cleft lip, and 22 children with cleft palate. There were 28 couples and 40 single parents in this sample. There were 92 individuals including 41 males and 51 females. The measurements were compared with those in control subjects, including 40 adult males and 40 adult females, who had no history of craniofacial abnormalities. The total sample was compared for the sex independently. The obtained results were as follows. 1. In the cranium, both parents of cleft children had significantly shorter posterior cranial base length(S-Ba). 2. In the upper face, a significantly shorter anteroposterior length of maxilla(A'-Ptm'), particularly in the anterior region (A'-K), anterior facial depth(A-SBaL), posterior facia! height(Ptm'-SNL) and relation of subnasale to the cranial base (∠BaN'Sn) were noted in fathers of cleft children. But, all measurements were not found to be significantly different between experimental group and control group in all mothers. 3. In the lower face, both parents of cleft children showed a significantly greater Y axis angle(∠NSGn) and ramal plane angle(∠SNL-RP) in fathers of cleft children. Thus both patents showed a posteriorly rotation of mandible. The thickness of the lower lip(B-B') was significantly thicker in fathers of cleft children. 4. In the facial profile, a significantly shorter posterior facial height(S-Go) and greater angle of soft tissue facial convexity (∠BaN'Pog') were noted in the fathers of cleft children. But, all measurements were not found to be significantly different between experimental group and control group in all mothers.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.380-385
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• 2011

Introduction: Hydroxyapatite ($Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$, HA) is the main inorganic phase of human hard tissue that is used widely as the repair material for bones. When HA is applied to a bony defect, however, it can be encapsulated with fibrous tissue and float in the implanted area due to a lack of consolidation. Bioceramics as allogenic graft materials are added to HA to improve the rate and bone healing capacity. Fluoridated hydroxyapatite ($Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH,F)_2$, FHA), where F- partially replaces the OH- in hydroxyapatite, is considered a good alternative material for bone repair owing to its solubility and biocompatibility. Materials and Methods: This study was designed to determine the bone healing capacity of FHA newly produced as a nanoscale fiber in the laboratory. HA and FHA with bioglass was implanted in a rabbit cranium defect and the specimen was analysed histologically. Results: 1. At 4 weeks, fibrous connective tissue and little bone formation was observed around the materials of the experimental group I implanted HA and bioglass. Newly formed bone was observed around the materials in the experimental group II implanted FHA and bioglass. 2. At 8 weeks, the amount of newly formed and matured bone was higher in experimental group II than in experimental group I and the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that FHA and bioglass is a relatively favorable bone substitute with biocompatibility and better bone healing capacity than pure HA and bioglass.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 2008

Absorbable atelo-collagen sponge $TERUPLUG^{(R)}$, Termo Co. Tokyo, Japan) is inserted in the extraction wound where alveolar bone is exposed. It protects wounds and promotes the formation of granulation. This is made of atelo-collagen, to minimize antigenicity, which is cross-linked by heat treatment for biocompatibility. $TERUPLUG^{(R)}$ consists of between 85 and 95 % of collagen type I and between 5 to 15 % of collagen type III. The raw material for the collagen is derived from bovine skin. It features a sponge block design and is shaped for easy insertion in the extraction wound. This study was designed to find out the bone healing capacity of $TERUPLUG^{(R)}$. We implanted $TERUPLUG^{(R)}$ (experimental group I) and $TERUPLUG^{(R)}$ with rhBMP-2 (experimental group II) in the rabbit cranium defect and then histologically analysed the specimen. The results were as follows. 1. In the 4 weeks, a lot of the newly formed collagen fibers around material of the experimental group I implanted $TERUPLUG^{(R)}$ were observed. But, in the experimental group II implanted $TERUPLUG^{(R)}$ with rhBMP-2, a little of newly formed collagen fibers around material were observed. The cell proliferating activity and apoptosis of the experimental group I, II was positive in and around the implanted material. 2. In the 8 weeks, the amount of newly formed and matured bone in the experimental group II was more observed than the experimental group I and control group. The results of this study indicate that absorbable atelo-collagen sponge ($TERUPLUG^{(R)}$) is relatively favorable bone void filler with biocompatibility and has the better bone healing capacity in case of application with rhBMP-2.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.180-187
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• 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated the spontaneous healing capacity of surgically produced cranial defects in rabbits with different healing periods in order to determine the critical size defect (CSD) of the rabbit cranium. Methods: Thirty-two New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Defects of three sizes (6, 8, and 11 mm) were created in each of 16 randomly selected rabbits, and 15-mm defects were created individually in another 16 rabbits. The defects were analyzed using radiography, histologic analysis, and histometric analysis after the animal was sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks postoperatively. Four samples were analyzed for each size of defect and each healing period. Results: The radiographic findings indicated that defect filling gradually increased over time and that smaller defects were covered with a greater amount of radiopaque substance. Bony islands were observed at 8 weeks at the center of the defect in both histologic sections and radiographs. Histometrical values show that it was impossible to determine the precise CSD of the rabbit cranium. However, the innate healing capacity that originates from the defect margin was found to be constant regardless of the defect size. Conclusions: The results obtained for the spontaneous healing capacity of rabbit cranial defects over time and the underlying factors may provide useful guidelines for the development of a rabbit cranial model for in vivo investigations of new bone materials.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.464-469
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• 2007

The bone graft materials are grossly divided into autogenous bone, allogenic bone, xenogenic bone, and alloplastic material. Among the various allogenic graft materials, hydroxyapatite($Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$, HA), the main inorganic phase of human hard tissue, is widely used as a repair material for bones. When HA applied to bony defect, however, it may be encapsulated with fibrous tissue and floated in the implanted area by the lack of consolidation. Fluoridated hydroxyapatite($Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$, FHA), where F- partially replaces the OH- in the hydroxyapatite, is considered as an alternative material for bone repair due to its solubility and biocompatibility. This study was designed to find out the bone healing capacity of FHA newly produced as a nanoscale fiber in the laboratory. We implanted HA and FHA in the rabbit cranium defect and histologically analysed the specimen. The results were as follows. 1. In the 4 weeks, fibrous connective tissue and little bone formation around materials of the experimental group I implanted HA were observed. In the experimental group II implanted FHA, newly formed bone around materials were observed. 2. In the 8 weeks, the amount of newly formed and matured bone of the experimental group II was more than the experimental group I and control group. From the results obtained, we suggest that FHA, newly synthesized, is relatively favorable bone substitute with bioconpatibility and has better bone healing capacity than pure HA.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.228-242
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• 2023

We examined the osteological development of the cranium, visceral skeleton, pectoral girdle, vertebral column, fins, and pterygiophore of small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis cultured at the Jeju Fisheries Research Institute. At 5.89 mm NL (notochord length), the larvae already had ossified frontal and basioccipital bones, parasphenoids, and vomer in the cranium. All elements of the visceral skeleton except the metapterygoid were ossified at 5.89 mm NL. Preorbital bone was ossified at 8.11 mm SL (standard length), and suborbital bones were ossified at 12.90 mm SL. In the vertebral column, ossification proceeded from the first to last centrum. The urostyle ossified at 7.41 mm SL. The caudal skeleton ossified at 6.78 mm NL, along with three hypural bones. In the pectoral girdle, the cleithrum, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, and post-temporal bones ossified at 5.89 mm NL. Caudal fin ossification began at 6.19 mm SL and was complete at 7.16 mm SL. Dorsal and anal fin ossification began at 7.16 mm SL and was complete at 8.62 mm and 8.11 mm SL, respectively. Anal and dorsal pterygiophore bone ossification was complete at 9.86 mm and 11.54 mm SL, respectively, and that of the supraneural bones was complete at 9.60 mm SL.