• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.580-583
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• 2005

We have evaluated the application of spectroscopy using an insertion-type fiber-optic probe and a sensor at wavelengths from 400 to 1,100 nm to the measurement of milk fat content on dairy farms. The internal reflectance ratios of 183 milk samples were determined with a fiber-optic spectrophotometer at 5$^{\circ}C$, 20$^{\circ}C$ and 40$^{\circ}C$. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to develop calibration models for the milk fat. The best accuracy of determination was found for an equation that was obtained using smoothed internal reflectance data and three PLS factors at 20$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficients between predicted and reference milk fat at 5$^{\circ}C$, 20$^{\circ}C$ and 40$^{\circ}C$ were r=0.753, r=0.796 and r=0.783, respectively. The predictive explained variances ($Q^2$) of the final model, moreover, were more than 0.550 at all temperatures, and the regression coefficients of determination ($R^2$) were more than 0.6 (60%). Our results indicate that milk has different internal reflectance measured in the range of visible and near infrared wavelengths (400 to 1,100 nm), depending on its fat content.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.238-242
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• 2001

Food allergy is a disease caused by an abnormal immunological reaction to specific food proteins. Whole milk and soy beans are the most frequent causes of food allergy, some studies show that 2.2~2.8% of children aged between 1 and 2 year are allergic to milk. It can be classified to acute (urticaria, asthma, anaphylaxis) or chronic (diarrhea, atopic dermatitis) allergy according to clinical symptoms, or to IgE related or non IgE related allergy by an immunological aspect. Generally, allergies invading only the GI tract are mostly due to a non IgE related reaction. These hypersensitive, immunologic reactions of the GI tract, not related to specific IgE for food, present themselves in many ways such as food protein-induced enteropathy, food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), celiac disease, food induced protocolitis, or allergic eosinophillic gastroenteritis. FPIES is one kind of non IgE related allergic reaction and is manifested as severe vomiting and diarrhea in infants between 1 week and 3 months. We report a case of FPIES in a 40-day old male infant presenting with 3 times of repeated events of watery diarrhea after cow's milk feeding.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.991-997
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• 2005

Purpose : Cow's milk protein-induced enterocolitis(CMPIE) is a symptom complex of vomiting and/or diarrhea caused by delayed hypersensitivity and may result in serious complications. This study was undertaken to identify high risk factors to facilitate the early recognition of CMPIE. Methods : We reviewed the data of 101 patients, aged 15 to 45 days, admitted due to vomiting and/or diarrhea between 2003 and 2004. After excluding 13 patients absolutely breast-fed and 2 patients transferred from other hospitals with the impression of CMPIE, the 86 study subjects were divided into three groups based on the underlying etiologies; CMPIE, infectious and non-infectious group. Results : CMPIE was diagnosed in 11 patients(12.8%). On admission, failure to gain weight(P=0.003), hypoalbuminemia(P=0.003), peripheral leukocytosis(P=0.015), and metabolic acidosis(P=0.014) were more significant in the CMPIE group than in the others. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the independent predictors of high risks for CMPIE were failure to gain weight <10 g/day(OR, 10.25[95% CI, 1.62-65.06]) and serum hypoalbuminemia <3.5 g/dL(OR, 9.18[95% CI, 1.69-49.74]). Cow's milk challenges were performed in the 11 CMPIE patients; vomiting(81.8%), abnormal stool test(80.0%), peripheral leukocyte count and absolute neutrophil count(ANC) increase(100.0%) (P<0.05), and enteropathy(100.0%). Conclusion : CMPIE is not a rare clinical disease in early infancy. The high risk factors of CMPIE were identified as follow : failure to gain weight below 10 g/day, hypoalbuminemia on admission and a rapid decrease during admission. Cow's milk challenge test with endoscopic duodenal biopsy was helpful to confirm CMPIE.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2014

Presented are guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) which is the most common food allergy in infants. It manifests through a variety of symptoms that place a burden on both the infant and their caregivers. The guidelines were formulated by evaluation of existing evidence-based guidelines, literature evidence and expert clinical experience. The guidelines set out practical recommendations and include algorithms for the prevention and treatment of CMPA. For infants at risk of allergy, appropriate prevention diets are suggested. Breastfeeding is the best method for prevention; however, a partially hydrolyzed formula should be used in infants unable to be breastfed. In infants with suspected CMPA, guidelines are presented for the appropriate diagnostic workup and subsequent appropriate elimination diet for treatment. Exclusive breastfeeding and maternal dietary allergen avoidance are the best treatment. In infants not exclusively breastfed, an extensively hydrolyzed formula should be used with amino acid formula recommended if the symptoms are life-threatening or do not resolve after extensively hydrolyzed formula. Adherence to these guidelines should assist healthcare practitioners in optimizing their approach to the management of CMPA and decrease the burden on infants and their caregivers.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.458-466
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• 2012

In this study, consumer preferences toward traditional cheeses were investigated with Tulum cheese sample which is one of the traditional cheeses of Turkey. Type of milk used for Tulum cheese making was identified as the most important factor, followed by Tulum cheese's texture, price, salinity, fat content, origin and flavour. The ideal Tulum cheese profile for the overall consumers was made with cow milk, a hard texture, a price of 20 TL per kg, a low salt cheese, a full fat cheese, the regional cheese which belongs to Izmir region and a mild-flavoured cheese.A cluster analysis revealed there were two clusters with different ideal product profiles. Cluster 1's ideal Tulum cheese comprised a soft texture, a mild-flavoured cheese, a cheese made with cow milk, a full fat cheese, a low salt cheese, the regional cheese which belongs to Izmir region and a price of 10 TL per kg. Cluster 2 differed from cluster 1 in that its ideal Tulum cheese was a hard textured cheese and priced at 20 TL per kg. The consumers in cluster 2 were less price sensitive than those in cluster 1. In addition to, the consumers in both segments are ready to pay extra money for regional Tulum cheese versus non-regional Tulum cheese. We found that the older ones were more willing to pay as compared to younger individuals. Young people are critical target consumers for Tulum cheese marketers. The findings on cluster 1's ideal Tulum cheese of this study could therefore provide guidance to marketing managers.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.277-283
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• 2023

Purpose: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is a common condition in infants, but little is known about healthcare providers' clinical experience treating infants with CMPA. To address this gap, we analyzed prospectively collected data from healthcare providers (HCPs) who treated infants under six months old with suspected CMPA using hypoallergenic formulas. The study focused on a commercial extensively hydrolyzed formula containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) (eHF-LGG) or a commercial amino acid formula (AAF). Methods: In this secondary analysis of prospectively collected survey data, 52 HCPs treated 329 infants under six months old with suspected CMPA using hypoallergenic formulas. A series of two de-identified surveys per patient were collected by HCPs to assess short-term symptom relief in the patients and HCP's satisfaction with the management strategies. The initial survey was completed at the initiation of treatment of CMPA, and the second survey was completed at a follow-up visit. Results: The majority of HCPs (87%) in the study were general pediatricians, and most saw 2 to 10 CMPA patients weekly. Results showed that clinicians reported satisfaction with treatment in 95% of patients in the EHF cohort and 97% of patients in the AAF cohort and achieved expected clinical results in 93% and 97% of patients using eHF and AAF, respectively. Furthermore, few patients were switched from the hypoallergenic formula once initiated. Conclusion: The study provides new insights into HCP perspectives on treating infants with CMPA and supports using hypoallergenic formulas to manage this condition. However, additional prospective controlled studies are needed to confirm these initial findings.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.852-856
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• 2006

Four lactating Holstein cows were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design to determine the effects of various levels of whole cottonseed (WCS) in diets on parameters including milk (yield and fat content), rumen fluid (pH, ammonia and TVFA) and blood (${\beta}$-carotene, vit. A, vit. E, urea, $NH_3$, Ca, P and Mg levels). Cows consumed 0, 1, 2 or 3 kg WCS per day. No significant differences were observed among the groups on analysed parameters except plasma vitamin E concentration. In addition, when the amount of cottonseed was increased, milk yield and milk fat content also tended to increase but this increase was not statistically significant. In conclusion, feeding of WCS up to 3 kg per day with ad libitum maize silage did not cause negative effects on milk yield, milk fat and blood vitamin levels in the short term in dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2006

The study was undertaken to investigate the validity of milk urea concentration as an index of the reproductive performances in crossbred Karan-Fries (Holstein Friesian${\times}$Tharparkar) cows under farm condition. Milk urea was analysed in noon milk samples (1200 to 1300 h) to interrelate with the interval from parturition to first service, number of insemination per conception, first service conception rate and service period. Milk progesterone (P4) was analysed in noon milk samples on the day 1, 10, 20 and 30 post insemination to study the effect of milk urea concentration on early embryonic mortality. The interval from parturition to first service was found significantly (p<0.01) higher ($77.2{\pm}5.5$ days) when milk urea concentration was ${\geq}63.4mg/dl$. The average milk urea concentrations (mg/dl) were found $42.1{\pm}2.5$, $47.9{\pm}1.5$ and $50.3{\pm}3.1$, respectively in cows that conceived at $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ insemination. However, the variation was not statistically significant. The first insemination conception rate was found significantly (p<0.05) higher (68.8%) when milk urea level was ${\leq}32.4mg/dl$. The service period was found significantly (p<0.05) higher ($125.4{\pm}8.8$ days) when milk urea concentration was ${\geq}45.1mg/dl$. The milk P4 level indicated that the cows, those were detected as non-pregnant on day 60 post insemination were initially pregnant but the pregnancy was terminated sometime during the day 30 to 60 post insemination. The study indicates that the milk urea values may be used as an index of reproductive performances in dairy herd when individual animals are not being monitored for nutritional status. The altered milk urea values may be utilised by the farmers as ready reference to rectify the protein and energy nutrition in cows to achieve the better reproductive performances in herd.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2016

Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the sale and purchase of an array of organic products. In particular, organic milk has grown in popularity. This growth could lead to expensive, premium retail prices for various organic cow's milk products. In fact, most consumers believe that (1) dairy farming to produce organic milk is beneficial for human health and (2) organic milk products are made without the use of various antibiotics, synthetic chemicals, genetic modification, extra hormones, and so on. Several factors, including breed, diet, and stage of lactation, are known to influence the composition of milk. Therefore, this review (1) presents a research outline to compare organic and conventional milk and (2) provides a summary of individual elements that affect the composition of milk.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2018

Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus casei were successfully isolated from indigenous Indonesian fresh milk based on the general morphological and biochemical classification as described in Bergey's manual. Verification was conducted by sequencing of 16S rRNA after selection using the classification method mentioned in the manual. All isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the well diffusion test. The susceptibilities of the isolated S. thermophilus 24/S1 and L. delbrueckii 94/L4 against 22 different antibiotics were determined by the disc diffusion method and variable susceptibility patterns were observed. Both isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, the most commonly prescribed antibiotic, and resistant to sulfonamide. The presence of a plasmid was not detected after extraction. S. thermophilus 24/S1 and L. delbrueckii 94/L4 starter cultures were prepared for yogurt production after 9.5 h of incubation and the yogurt was evaluated for its flavor and quality by 30 volunteers. A score of $4.93{\pm}0.45$ out of 7 was obtained as compared to the yogurt prepared using commercial starter cultures which yielded a score of $4.76{\pm}0.30$ out of 7.