• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.299-304
• /
• 2015

Objectives: A people-counting system measures real-time occupancy through motion detection. Accurate people-counting can be used to calculate suitable ventilation demands. This study determined the optimum motion threshold for a people-counting system. Methods: In a closed room with two occupants moving constantly, different thresholds were tested for the accuracy of a people-counting system. The experiments were conducted at 150, 300, 450 and 600 lux. These levels of brightness included the illumination levels of most public indoor areas. The experiments were repeated with three types of clothing coloration. Results: Overall, a threshold of 16 provided the lowest mean error percentage for the people-counting system. Brightness and clothing color did not have a significant impact on the results. Conclusion: A people-counting system could be used with threshold of 16 for most indoor environments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.652-657
• /
• 2013

In this study, we developed a counting method for non-contact ID cards using an optical fiber displacement sensor instead of the traditionally used friction counting method. The proposed method has the advantage of high speed and automated measurement. For counting non-contact ID cards, an H-type optical fiber sensor, jig part, and counting program are developed separately to build the system and adjust it. Through the experimental test results, it was confirmed that counting is possible with one type of international ID card and one type of financial security card based on ISO7810. Furthermore, by applying the proposed method to 100 ID cards 100 times repeatedly, it was confirmed that it has high accuracy and an error ratio of 0%. We experimentally demonstrated that the proposed counting method for non-contact ID cards using an optical fiber displacement sensor can perform measurements with high accuracy and high speed.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.388-394
• /
• 2010

In this paper the object recognition performance of a photon counting integral imaging system is quantitatively compared with that of a conventional gray scale imaging system. For 3D imaging of objects with a small number of photons, the elemental image set of a 3D scene is obtained using the integral imaging set up. We assume that the elemental image detection follows a Poisson distribution. Computational geometrical ray back propagation algorithm and parametric maximum likelihood estimator are applied to the photon counting elemental image set in order to reconstruct the original 3D scene. To evaluate the photon counting object recognition performance, the normalized correlation peaks between the reconstructed 3D scenes are calculated for the varied and fixed total number of photons in the reconstructed sectional image changing the total number of image channels in the integral imaging system. It is quantitatively illustrated that the recognition performance of the photon counting integral imaging system can be similar to that of a conventional gray scale imaging system as the number of image viewing channels in the photon counting integral imaging (PCII) system is increased up to the threshold point. Also, we present experiments to find the threshold point on the total number of image channels in the PCII system which can guarantee a comparable recognition performance with a gray scale imaging system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on comparisons of object recognition performance with 3D photon counting & gray scale images.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
• /
• v.11 no.9
• /
• pp.810-815
• /
• 2005

As the pharmaceutical industry grows and becomes more competitive, the need of automation increases to establish effective mass production and to maintain consistent quality control. Accurate counting and packing of medicinal pills is one of the most essential processes that the automation can benefit. In conventional automated counting and packing processes, the performance of counting process varies with the size, the shape and the dispersion degree of pills. In this research, the authors developed a new pill-counting algorithm based on carefully analyzed characteristics of the pill-drop behavior. Also a new scheme for the packing of an exact number of pills has been implemented. A pill counting and packing machine with the new pill-counting algorithm and the new packing scheme has been constructed and put in an actual production line. To achieve precise and quick sensing of pills dropping at a high speed from the preceding processors, the machine uses non-contact photo sensors. Experimental results from the actual process using the machine are included to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the machine.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 2017

Moments of stationary intervals and those of the counting process can be used for moment fittings of the point processes. As for the Markovian arrival processes, the moments of stationary intervals are given as a polynomial function of parameters whereas the moments of the counting process involve exponential terms. Therefore, moment fittings are more complicated with the counting process than with stationary intervals. However, in queueing network analysis, cross-correlation between point processes can be modeled more conveniently with counting processes than with stationary intervals. A Laplace-Stieltjies transform of the stationary intervals of MAP (3)s is recently proposed in minimal number of parameters. We extend the results and present the Laplace transform of the counting process of MAP (3)s. We also show how moments of the counting process such as index of dispersions for counts, IDC, and limiting IDC can be used for moment fittings. Examples of exact MAP (3) moment fittings are also presented on the basis of moments of stationary intervals and those of the counting process.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 1986

It is an experimental report about optimum window-width on radionuclides $^{99m}Tc$ and $^{131}I$ and obtained results as follows; 1. In case of $^{99m}Tc$, a) The difference of counting rate in each window-width is greater at the below 20% window than above 20% window-width. b) BKG counting is proportionated to the window-width. 2. In case of $^{131}I$, a) The counting rate increased according to the window-width but the increasing course is not equal in all window. The difference of counting rate is greater at the below of 20% window-width than above 20% window. b) BKG counting is proportionated to the window-width.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.90-99
• /
• 2021

Recently, studies on wearable devices in ubiquitous computing environments have increased and the technology collecting user's activities to provide services has received great attention. We have compared the step counting methods according to sensor molding methods in case of counting steps by using the piezoelectric sensor. We have classified the cases which could result from the course of molding the internal module of a smart shoe as follows: (i) the module is unmolded, (ii) molded but only to the extent that a sensor is fixed or (iii) molded to the extent that a sensor is not moved. Moreover, we have made comparison to verify which algorithm should be used to increase the accuracy of counting steps by the respective cases. Based on the comparison result, we have confirmed that the accuracy of counting steps is higher when using gradient value rather than when using threshold value. In the case of no molding and small molding under the condition of using gradient value, it was turned out to be 100% accuracy for step counting.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.64-73
• /
• 1999

Carbohydrate(CHO) counting is a meal planning approach used with diabetic patients that focuses on carbohydrate as the primary nutrient affecting post-prandial glycemic response. However, it has not been used in meal management of diabetic patients in Korea. CHO counting can be used by clients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The purpose of the study was to determine the barriers to utilize the CHO counting when three levels of CHO counting were educated to type 2 diabetic patients who started continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSⅡ) therapy by nutrition lectures and counseling. And the CHO-to-insulin ratios were determined for the individual patients who followed the carbohydrate counting as a meal management, and the factors to influence the CHO-to-insulin ratios were selected through the stepwise regression analysis. Twenty- four subjects were received three lectures, and one or two nutritional counseling for a month. The average age of the subjects was 50.7 years, and the duration of diabetes was 9.4 years. Their body mass index (BMI) was 21.5 kg/$m^2$. The difficulties of using CHO counting were 1) confusing the CHO exchange system to diabetic food exchange system, 2) lack of basic nutrition and not distinguishing nutrients such as CHO, fat and calorie, and 3) lack of motivation to make effort to count and record the amount of carbohydrates eaten. Nutritional counseling replenished the nutrition education and made patients practice CHO counting. Average CHO-to-insulin ratios at breakfast, lunch and dinner were 4.1$\pm$3.3, 2.9$\pm$2.6 and 2.9$\pm$3.0units/23g of CHO, respectively. CHO-to-insulin ratios were influenced by gender, age, BMI, post-prandial blood glucose levels and post-prandial c-peptide levels. The effective education and nutritional counseling of CHO counting can make CHO counting applicable to type 2 diabetic patients as meal management for improving glycemic control with less hypoglycemic episode.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.415-430
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study was to get reflections on teaching numbers and operations for special education from analyzing lessons for counting, addition and subtraction of natural number with counting board for students with autism. In order to attain these purposes, this study analyzed the lessons for counting, addition and subtraction of natural number to students with autism in 4th and 6th graders in special class at regular elementary school using counting board for one hour per week for 30 weeks. According to the analysis, counting board that reveals the structure of numbers becomes an effective mathematical materials, and using the counting strategy and computation strategy can be an effective method of teaching, and it is possible to teach mathematical communication to students with autism. From this result, this study presented suggestions for teaching counting, addition and subtraction for students with disabilities.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 2023

Whole-body counters are widely used to assess internal contamination after a nuclear accident. However, it is difficult to determine radioiodine activity due to limitations in conventional calibration phantoms. Inhaled or ingested radioiodine is heterogeneously distributed in the human body, necessitating time-dependent biodistribution for the assessment of the internal contamination caused by the radioiodine intake. This study aims at calculating counting efficiencies considering the biodistribution of ¹³¹I in whole-body counting measurement. Monte Carlo simulations with computational human phantoms were performed to calculate the whole-body counting efficiency for a realistic radioiodine distribution after its intake. The biodistributions of ¹³¹I for different age groups were computed based on biokinetic models and applied to age- and gender-specific computational phantoms to estimate counting efficiency. After calculating the whole-body counting efficiencies, the efficiency correction factors were derived as the ratio of the counting efficiencies obtained by considering a heterogeneous biodistribution of ¹³¹I over time to those obtained using the BOMAB phantom assuming a homogeneous distribution. Based on the correction factors, the internal contamination caused by ¹³¹I can be assessed using whole-body counters. These correction factors can minimize the influence of the biodistribution of ¹³¹I in whole-body counting measurement and improve the accuracy of internal dose assessment.