• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.275-275
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• 2012

The relative composition of $Cu(InGa)Se_2$ solar cells is one of the most important measurement issues. However, quantitative analysis of multi-component alloy films is difficult by surface analysis methods due to severe matrix effect. In this study, quantitative depth profiling analysis of CIGS films was investigated by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The compositions were measured by SIMS using the alloy reference relative sensitivity factors derived from the certified compositions and the total counting numbers of each element. The compositions measured by SIMS were linearly proportional to those by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using isotope dilution method. In this study, the quantification measured by ICP-MS method is compared with the composition calculated by SIMS depth profiles with AR-RSFs obtained from the reference. The SIMS depth profile of CIGS thin films according to the manufacturing condition was converted into compositional depth profile.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.92-96
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• 2005

In order to investigate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on cell mediated immune reaction in vitro we examined the allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), splenocytes proliferation (SP) to T cell mitogens and IFN-${\gamma}\;production$. Splenocytes of Balb/c mice ($1.5{\times}10^5$ cells/well) were co-cultured with different numbers of mitomycin C-treated mature dentritic cells (DCs) in presence of BPA (25, 50, 100 ${\mu}M$) and $[^{3}H]$thymidine incorporation (cpm) was measured by scintilation counting. Splenocytes ($2{\times}10^6$ cells/well) were cultured with mitogens, Con A ($2\;{\mu}g/ml$), PHA ($5\;{\mu}g/ml$) and IL-2 ($0.1\;{\mu}g/ml$), or PMA ($5\;{\mu}g/ml$) and INO ($1\;{\mu}g/ml$) in presence of BPA (1, 10, 25, 50, 100 ${\mu}M$) and SP was assessed by MTT assay. $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels in culture supernant were determined by ELISA. At low concentration, BPA slightly increased MLR, SP and $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels, but at higher concentration it showed significant inhibitory effects on these immunological parameters. These results indicate that BPA is able to alternate cell-mediated immune reaction.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

We determined the effects of temperature shifts on the kinetics of the numbers of antibody-secreting cell (ASC) in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus immunised with formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda. When fish that were acclimated to $22^{\circ}C$ and immunised at that temperature were transferred to a lower temperature ($12^{\circ}C$) at a various times (immediately, 1, 2 or 4 weeks) after immunisation, both further differentiation of B cells and secretion of antibody from the ASC developed at $22^{\circ}C$ were suppressed at $12^{\circ}C$. However, in the converse experiment ($12^{\circ}C$ to $22^{\circ}C$), the magnitude of the humoral immune response was recovered independent of the time of the transfer after immunisation at low temperature, even though the peak levels of each transferred group did not reach the level found in $22^{\circ}C$ control group. The results were confirmed by counting the number of specific antibody secreting cells (SASC) in the spleen. This study provides the evidences of the immune reaction that the potential for antibody production in B cells of flounder, the most important species in aquatic industry of Korea, immunized at high temperature is suppressed by subsequent exposure to low temperature and that low temperature-induced humoral immuno suppression can be reversed by exposure to a higher temperature.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-117
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of dentin bonding agents on the fibroblasts cultivated from human pulp tissue. The fibroblasts were cultured in DMEM/10%FBS medium. Whatman filter paper discs (6mm diameter) soaked with $2{\mu}l$ of dentin bonding agents were placed on a millipore filter (pore size $0.22{\mu}m$) contained in a 50mm Petri dish, and then, exposed for 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 4 days and 7 days in $37.^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator. The results of the experiments were analyzed by counting the cells and measuring the protein contents at 1 day, 4 days and 7 days. The results of this study were as follows: l. CLEARFIL NEW BOND, LITE-FIL BOND, GLUMA 3 Primer and GLUMA 4 Sealer showed cytotoxicity compared to the control group in the cell counts and the protein contents. 2. GLUMA 4 Sealer showed the least cytotoxicity among the three dentin bonding agents. 3. The results of the cell count were simialr to the results of protein content measurement. 4. LITE-FIL BOND exhibited marked cytotoxicity during 1 day, but, the cytotoxicity was slightly reduced after 4 and 7 days. 5. In GLUMA 3 Primer group, it was not possible to count the cell numbers and measure the protein contents, but the degeneration of cells was observed under the inverted phase-contrast microscope.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-86
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• 2011

This study aimed to examine first graders' recognition and thinking about mathematical patterns. To attain the goal, this paper analyzed 116 students' response with regard to repeating, growing, and changing patterns represented in both picture and number, and also analyzed four students' thinking process of the patterns through interview. It was found that students showed high recognition in repeating, growing, and changing patterns in order. Whereas there was no significant difference between picture and number representation in both repeating and growing patterns, pictures gained a bit higher scores than numbers in changing patterns. Also, according to the result of examining the thinking process by the patterns, students tended to consider the patterns as a bundle and tried to solve problems with counting strategies. The result of this paper provides an empirical foundation on how first graders recognize and think of various patterns.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2005

Objective : We have studied to know effects of Ligigeopoongsan(LGS, 理氣祛風散) on mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and c-Fos protein expression in the model of neuropathic pain of rats. Methods : The model of neuropathic pain was made by injured tibial nerve and sural never while common peroneal never was maintained. After 2weeks, we performed behavioral test for 7 days to try out mechanical allodynia using von frey filament and cold allodynia using acetone, which are calculated by counting withdrawal response on foot. Rat brains removed and sliced on 8th days. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-Fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in the central gray were examined using scion image program. Results : 1. Mechanical allodynia in LGS-2, LGS-3 groups were significantly diminished compared with the control group. 2. Cold allodynia in LGS-3 group was significantly diminished compared with the control group. 3. c-Fos protein expression on the central gray LGS-2, LGS-3 groups were significantly lower than that of control group. conclusions : We have noticed that LGS(理氣祛風散) diminished mechanical and cold allodynia in the model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. c-Fos protein expression in the central gray of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. Pain control group were LGS was accumulated time goes by. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of pain.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.210-215
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• 2018

It is difficult to count colonial cyanobacteria Microcystis cells since the thickness of colonies is constrained by amorphous mucilage, making it impossible to estimate the number of cells. Disaggregation of Microcystis colonies into single cell is needed to improve the accuracy and precision of cell density estimation of naturally collected samples. Uultrasonic treatment method is commonly used owing to the simplicity and immediacy of the procedure. However, amplitude, frequency, and duration of ultrasonic treatment also cause cell loss during the experiment. Optimal ultrasonic treatment has not been standardized yet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate optimal ultrasonic treatment by analyzing cell density and colony numbers. We collected colonial Microcystis from Changnyeong-Haman weir area in Nakdong River during harmful algal boom period from September to October in 2017. Ultrasonic treatment method was applied to disrupt colonies into single cells to enumerate cell density. Among treatment conditions, results from continuously treated for 100 seconds were found to be the optimum to reduce colonies to a suspension of single cell without cell losses under high and low density of Microcystis cells. Lugol iodine fixed cells followed by sonication showed less negative impact of cell damage within the optimal treatment time (100 seconds). Furthermore, disaggregated cells treated by sonication enables microscopic observation more easily since gas vacuoles were collapsed to facilitate sedimentation of cells under the counting chamber for quantitative enumeration of buoyant Microcystis cells.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.107-122
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• 1997

Radiation sensitivity data was generated for two human cancer cell lines(KB, RPMI 2650) and human primary gingival fibroblast was tested three times using a viable cell number counting with a hemocytometer, MTT(3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and LDH(Lactate dehydrogenase) assay. Single irradiation of 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20Gy were applied to the tumor cell lines and the primary cultured gingival fibroblast The two fractions of 4Gy and 10Gy were seperated with a 4 hour time interval. The irradiation was done with 241.5cGy/min dose rate using /sup 137/Cs MK cell irradiator at room temperature. The obtained results were as followed : 1. There was significantly different viable cell numbers as the amount of radiation dose on the tested cells were cell number counted with a hemocytometer. In fractions, there were more viable cells remaining. 2. Phase-contrast microscopically, radiation-induced morphologic changes were pronounced on the tumor cells, however, almost no differences on the gingival fibroblast. 3. There was significantly different absorbance at 2Gy on RPMI 2600, 4Gy on KB and GF in MTT assay. In fractions, the absorbance was significantly higher on KB. 4. The level of extracellular LDH activity in the experimental group was significantly higher in the 2-4Gy than the control group. 5. The total level of extracellular and intracellular LDH activity was decreased as increased amounts of radiation dose was applied.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2002

The endemic status of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along the Geum gang (River) in Okcheon-gun (County) in Korea was examined. From February to December 7000, stools of total 1,081 inhabitants living in 5 villages were examined. Each stool specimen was examined by both the cellophane thick smear method and the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Egg-positive cases were further analyzed by Stoll's egg-counting technique. and praziquantel was administered to positive cases. The egg-positive rates for Clonorchis sinensis and Metafonimus species were 9.3% and 5.5%, respectively, and the double infection rate was 3.5%. The numbers of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces of C. sinensis and Metafoninus sp. were $918{\pm}1,463$ and $711{\pm}947$, respectively. The egg-positive rates for C. sinensis and Metagoninus sp. in the riverside area were 14.2% and 8.4%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the inland area (3.2% and 1.7%. respectively). The egg-positive rates of C. sinensis and Metagoninus sp. in males (16.7% and 10.0%) were significantly higher than those of females (3.5% and 1.8%) However, there were no significant differences of EPG values between localities and sexes. The prevalence of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in this survey was significantly lower than that in the previous reports. However. there is still a high prevalence of infection with C. sinensis and Metagoninus sp. in this region. especially in the riverside area.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2007

Background: CD40-activated B (CD40-B) cells might be an attractive source of autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for immunotherapy due to the convenience to obtain from peripheral blood and expand in vitro. Moreover, CD40-B cells were found to be comparable with DCs in their capacity to raise antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we have established K562 cells expressing CD40L to expand CD40-activated B cells used for APCs. Methods: After activation of B cell by K562/CD40L, CD40-B cells were examined by counting B cell numbers. Surface expression of CD54, CD80, CD86 and HLA class II was measured by flow cytometry. The CD40-B cells were tested for its function as APC by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and by induction of T cell responses specific for pp65 peptide in vitro. Results: The expansion of B cells by K562/CD40L increased about 6-folds compared with anti-CD40 or K562. Furthermore, the expression of CD54, CD80, CD86 and HLA class II was up-regulated by K562/CD40L. B cells by K562/CD40L showed comparable antigen presentation activity with mature DCs as shown in MLR, INF-${\gamma}$ ELISPOT assay. Conclusion: These results suggest that K562/CD40L could be used to generate activated B cells as potent APCs which could be useful for cellular vaccination and adoptive immunotherapy.