• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2014

This study was conducted to examine the effect of different types of milking instrument and season on milk composition (fat, protein, non-fat milk solids, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count) on Holstein-Friesian lactating cows. Raw milk samples were collected from 20 automatic milking system (AMS) installed dairy farms and 85 conventional milking system (CMS) installed dairy farms. Milk fat, protein, NFMS and MUN contents did not changed between AMS and CMS and different seasons. On the other hand, the average SCC in AMS was $239{\times}10^3cells/mL$ which was lower than in CMS ($373{\times}10^3cells/mL$, (p<0.05). In conclusion, present results indicated that SCC in milk might be influenced by AMS. However, this area needed more study to confirm the reason of reducing SCC content from AMS.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2001

자운영 입모중(立毛中) 벼 무경운(無耕耘) 벼직파재배(直播栽培)에 의한 성력화(省力化) 및 환경지속형(環境持續型) 농업기술개발을 위하여 전북통(全北統) 보통답(普通畓)에서 자운영 입모중(立毛中)에 동진벼를 건답직파(乾畓直播)하여 얻어진 결과를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 자운영 입모수(立毛數)는 시험전(試驗前) 256개 $m^{-2}$에 비하여 시험후(試驗後)에는 440개 $m^{-2}$로 자운영종자(種子)를 다시 파종(播種)하지 않아도 될 정도의 충분한 입모수(立毛數)가 확보(確保)되었다. 토양 이화학성의 변화는 자운영 입모중(立毛中) 시비량(施肥量)을 50% 절감(節減)하여 벼를 파종(播種)한 구(區)가 관행(慣行)과 비슷한 경향을 나타냈다. 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)은 관행(慣行) 87g, 건중(乾重) $m^{-2}$ 발생(發生)하였으나 자운영 입모중(立毛中) 벼파종(播種)에서는 잡초(雜草)가 거의 발생하지 않았다. 벼 수량(收量)은 관행(慣行) 4.9t $ha^{-1}$에 비하여 자운영 입모중(立毛中) 파종(播種)에서 콩 파종기(播種機)로 파종시(播種時) 4.5t $ha^{-1}$이였다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.654-662
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• 2017

Extracellular microvesicles are membranous nano-sized cellular organelles secreted by a variety of cells under normal and pathological conditions and heterogeneous in size ranging from 30 nm to $1{\mu}m$. They carry functional microRNAs that can influence immunity and development. For a particular application of microvesicles, choice of isolation method is particularly important; however, their isolation methods from colostrum in particular have not been described clearly. In this work, differential ultracentrifugation as a conventional method, ultracentrifugation with some modification such as additional precipitations, ultrafiltration, sucrose gradient separation and ExoQuick$^{TM}$ as a commercial reagent were compared. The goal was to compare mainly microvesicular total microRNA yield, distribution and purity among the methods then select the best isolation method for bovine colostrum microvesicles based largely on microRNA yield with the view of applying the vesicles in work where vesicular microRNA cargo is the target bioactive component. Highest yields for vesicular microRNA were obtained using conventional methods and among them, subsequent ultracentrifugation with 100,000 g and 135,000 g conventional method 2 was selected as it had the highest RNA to protein ratio indicating that it pelleted the least protein in relation to RNA an important factor for in vivo applications to assess microvesicle functionalities without risk of contaminating non-vesicular biomaterial. Microvesicles isolated using conventional method 2 were successfully internalized by cells in vitro showing their potential to deliver their cargo into cells in vitro and in vivo in case of functional studies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.213-219
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare and evaluate the iodide specific ion electrode method (ISE) and neutron activation analysis method (NAA) for determining iodine in human milk and cow milk. The neutron irradiation and counting operations were carried out at the TRIGA Mark-III reactor facility of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. The mean concentrations of iodine in human milk samples by the ISE and the NAA were 1450$\mu\textrm{g}$/L and 1350$\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. The levels were not significantly different. In cow milk samples , the mean concentrations of iodine by the ISE and the NAA were 250$\mu\textrm{g}$.L and 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. here, the ISE reading was significantly higher than the NAA. reading. The correlations of the two methods were 0.92(p<0.001) for human milk samples and 0.65 for cow milk samples . The coefficient of variation was 8.3% in the ISE and 4.9% in the NAA. Therefore, the iodide specific ion electrode method is sample and fast method, but probably not in processed milk since free sulfhydryl groups in milk are also detected by the iodide electrode. However, these also indicate that the ISE method may be applicable to human milk and pasteurized milk if the conventional pasteurization time-temperature relationship of standards is not exceeded. On the other hand, the NAA method , which is independent of chemical forms and matrix, can be used for determining iodine in all kinds of milk and foods.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.466-474
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the dining-out behavior of breakfast and preference on the menu of female college students. 500 questionnaires were distributed and 417 were used for statistical analysis(SAS program). This survey was conducted from June, 2000 to October, 2000. 72.8% of the respondents thought there were problems in eating breakfast. The problems were 'skipping breakfast frequently(33.1%)', 'short eating time(20.9%)', 'simple menu(18.8%)'. Preference of dining-out breakfast menus were 'bread & milk(43.8%)', 'conventional menu(34.7%)', 'snack(15.5%)', soup or 'porridge(6.0%)'. A general preference of breakfast menus were conventional (63.7%), 'bread & milk(21.1%)', 'milk and breakfast cereal(8.7%)', 'soup or porridge(6.5%)'. Increase on the amount of monthly allowance decreased the preference of conventional type of breakfast(P<0.05). The questions about the breakfast were 'what is the best menus for breakfast(49.2%)', 'alternative to rice(17.1%)', 'the amounts of breakfast(12.1%)'. But there was no significant difference among these variables. In conclusion, development of convenient & well-balanced breakfast model and nutritional education are needed to increase the nutritional status of female college students.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.871-880
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• 2006

본 연구는 2개월간의 포유기간 동안 홀스타인 젖소 송아지를 무제한 포유방법을 사용하여 무제한 포유시 송아지의 최대 우유섭취량과 급여회수를 조사하고 관행의 제한 포유방법(10%/live weight, kg)과 송아지의 성장능력, 설사발생, 사료건물 섭취량 등에 대한 영향을 비교하였다. 신생 홀스타인 젖소 20두를 공시하여 체중의 10%로 제한 포유구(conventional)와 무제한포유구(4～6회/일)로 각각 10두씩 구분하여 초유는 출생 후 3일 동안 급여하고 이후 60일령에 이유할 때까지 5일 간격의 체중조사 값에 따라 관행방법과 무제한 포유방법을 각각 개체별로 실시하였다. 무제한 포유송아지의 출생당일에 생체중의 13.49%에서 30일령에는 23.51%로 섭취량이 최대값을 나타났다가 이후 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 포유기간 전체 평균 우유섭취량은 관행포유구는 4.3kg, 무제한포유구는 9.8kg으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 어린송아지사료(젖떼기용 사료)와 혼합목초건초 섭취량은 시험송아지 모두가 일령 증가에 따라 증가하여 40일령까지는 시험구간에 현저한 차이는 나타나지 않았고 시험 전기간 동안의 관행포유구의 송아지가 건물 섭취량, 조단백 섭취량 및 가소화영양소총량(TDN) 섭취량에서 무제한 포유구의 것보다 각각 18.4%, 20.0% 및 18.9% 많이 섭취한 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 1개월령과 2개월령 및 포유기간 전기간 동안의 송아지의 체중 증가에 있어서 무제한 포유구 송아지의 것이 관행구 송아지의 것에 비해 각각 49%, 18.4%, 26%의 증체효과를 나타냈는데, 20일령까지는 시험구간의 체중차이가 뚜렷하지 않았지만 30일령이후 90일령(이유 후 30일령)까지는 무제한 구의 송아지의 체중이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 그리고 120일령 이후 180일령까지 체중변화를 살펴보았을 때, 시험구간 체중은 비슷해지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 사료효율은 무제한 포유구의 것보다 관행구의 것이 더 높은 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), 시험 전기간 동안 감기, 발열, 설사 등의 질병은 모든 시험구에서 나타나지 않았다. 본 시험을 통해 우리는 무제한 포유방법은 이유 전 송아지의 빠른 성장과 건강유지에 도움이 됨과 이 영향은 최소한 90일령까지 지속된다는 결론을 얻었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.518-522
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• 2005

Yogurt containing high ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was developed using lactic acid bacteria and germinated brown rice. Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, and L. brevis OPY-1 strains were inoculated into Lactobacillus MRS broth for use as yogurt starter. After treatment with 5% monosodium glutamate in MRS broth, L. brevis OPY-1 strain isolated from Kimchi produced GABA concentration of 8,003.28 nmol/mL. Starter was inoculated into fermentation substrate mixture containing germinated brown rice extract and blend of powdered whole milk and skim milk. Samples were incubated, and viable cell colonies were counted. Highest number of lactic acid bacteria was reached between 16 and 20 hr. Concentrated rice milk fermented with high GABA-producing strain contained GABA concentrations of $137.17\;{\mu}g/g$ D.W., whereas concentrated fermented milk prepared by conventional method contained GABA of $1.29\;{\mu}g/g$ D.W. Sensory evaluation panelists gave favorable ratings to fermented rice milk containing high GABA concentration.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-3
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• 1999

This study was carried out to determine the effects on rice growth, yields and soil improvement under the different nitrogen levels in machine-transplanted rice after plowing at the fruiting stage of milk vetch. The fresh weight of milk vetch at plowing time was 20.95 ton/ha. In dry weight, T-N and C/N were 1.58%, 21.8%, respectively. Organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable calcium of soil after the experiment in the plot of milk vetch were higher than those before the experiment. Leaf area and dry weight of rice plants at heading date increased as nitrogen level increased. The number of panicle and spikelets per $\textrm{m}^2$were not different except for the 110 kg/ha nitrogen level plot with milk vetch. Brown rice yield ranged from 5.45 to 6.08 ton/ha, in creasing with increased nitrogen level. So the yield increased by 1% at 77 kg/ha nitrogen level, 7% at 110 kg/ha nitrogen level plot with milk vetch compared with conventional level (rice straw 5.4 ton/ha and nitrogen 110 kg/ha).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

Milk and dairy products are nutritionally one of the most important food in human health and the quality of raw milk is significantly important to ensure safety of dairy products. However, milk and dairy products are commonly related with chemical and microbial contaminations. Therefore, rapid and reliable detection of hazardous (e.g. pathogenic bacteria, pesticides, antibiotics, microbial toxins) in milk and dairy products is essential to ensure human health and food safety. Conventional methods for detection of food hazardous are mostly time-consuming to yield a results. Recently, biosensors have been focused as its rapidity and high sensitivity to analyse chemical and microbial hazardous from a variety of foods and environments. This study reviewed the recent trends and applications of biosensors as rapid detection method of hazardous in milk and dairy products.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.178-184
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• 1996

Dryfilm method by using 3M Petrifilm$^{TM}$ has been examined to replace conventional agar method for isolation of microorganisms from foods. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate suitability of dryfilm method as a microbial isolation method and to determine the effect of antimicrobial agent on dryfilm for isolation of microorganisms from foods. Five different foods, milk, ground beef, fishery surimi, Takju and wheat flour were used to isolate the natural microflora in foods and the inoculated Escheri chia coli. Standard method agar (SMA, Difco) and Petrifilm$^{TM}$ aerobic count (PAC, 3M) were used to isolate total microorganisms from foods. Violet red bile agar (VRBA), brilliant green lactose bile (BGLB) broth and Petrifilm$^{TM}$ coliform count (PCC, 3M) were used to isolate coliforms from foods. E. coli broth (EC broth) and Petrifilm$^{TM}$ E. coli count (PEC, 3M) were used to isolate E. coli from foods. Acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) and Petrifilm$^{TM}$ yeast & mold count (PYMC, 3M) were used to isolate yeasts and molds from foods. Total aerobic plate counts isolated from five different foods by SMA and PAC (3M) were riot significantly different each other at P<0.05 level and were highly correlated each other ($\geq$0.96). Mugwort extract as an antimicrobial agent did not affect microbial enumeratiion of Dryfilm. Significantly higher number of coliform colonies were formed on VRBA than PCC (3M) from ground beef, but they were not significantly different in coliform colonies from milk samples. PCC (3M) and BGLB were not significantly different for enumeration of coliforms in milk and beef samples. Significantly higher number of E. coli were isolated by EC broth than PEC from ground beef, but these were not significontly different for enumeration of E. coli from milk. Yeast and mold counts isolated from Takju and wheat flour by APDA and PYMC (3M) were not significantly different at P<0.05 level. These data indicate that dryfilm method by using 3M Petrifilm$^{TM}$ can be successively used as an alternative to conventional agar method for enumeration of microorganisms in various foods.