• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of housing systems on physiological and immunological responses as stress indicators in laying hens. A total of 500 White Leghorn aged 16 weeks were allotted into ten conventional cages (10 birds/cage and 810 $cm^2$/bird) and four floor pens (100 birds/pen and 2,800 $cm^2$/bird) for 24 weeks. The hens housed in conventional cages with higher stocking density resulted in a significantly (P<0.05) lower BW compared with those housed in floor pens with lower stocking density without affecting the relative weights of immune organs between housing conditions. In plasma biochemical values, cholesterol and corticosterone were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the hens housed in floor pens compared with those housed in conventional cages. In pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepatic interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the hens housed in conventional cages compared with those kept in floor pens. Splenic and thymic IFN-${\gamma}$ expression was significantly (P<0.05) up-regulated in the hens kept in conventional cages compared with those kept in floor pens without affecting IL-1, IL-10, lipopolysaccharide- induced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ factor (LITAF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In the bursa of Fabricius, IL-10 and iNOS expression of the hens housed in conventional cages were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with those of the hens housed in floor pens. In conclusion, layers housed in conventional cages enhanced plasma cholesterol, corticosterone and some pro-inflammatory cytokines in the immune organs compared with those in floor pens.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2020

본 연구는 케이지 사육과 평사 사육 형태에 따른 닭의 스트레스 반응 정도와 이들의 생산능력을 비교하고자 한 것이다. 시험은 단관백색레그혼 종 암컷 491수를 대상으로 하여 34주령부터 43주령까지 10주 동안 이들의 생산 특성을 조사하고, 스트레스 반응 지표들을 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 생존율, 산란율 및 체중은 평사 사육군과 케이지 사육군 간의 차이가 없었고, 난중을 포함한 난각색, 난각무게 및 난백고 등 일부 난질은 케이지 사육 개체들이 평사 사육 개체들과 비교해 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 백혈구 세포들의 텔로미어 함량 분석 결과, 평사 사육 개체들이 케이지 사육 개체들보다 유의하게 높은 텔로미어 함유율을 보였지만(P<0.05), H/L ratio 값은 케이지 사육 개체들이 평사 사육 개체들에 비해 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). HSP-70, HSP-90α 및 HSP-90β 유전자 발현율에 있어, 모든 HSP 유전자 발현율이 케이지 사육개체들이 평사 사육 개체들에 비해 다소 상승한 것으로 나타났으나, HSP-90β의 발현율을 제외하고 사육 형태 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또한, 세포 내 DNA 손상률 분석에서도 케이지 사육 개체들의 모든 comet 지표들이 평사 사육 개체들보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 이상의 결과로부터 케이지 사육과 평사 사육 간에 개체들의 생산능력의 차이는 없는 것으로 보이나, 모든 스트레스 반응 정도 분석에서 케이지 사육 개체들이 평사 사육 개체들에 비해 높은 스트레스 지표 값을 나타내었다. 따라서 백색레그혼 종에 있어 생산능력과는 무관하게 케이지 사육 형태가 평사 사육 형태보다 더욱 높은 스트레스적 환경인 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.887-894
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare the effects of layout of furniture (a perch, nest, and sandbox) in cages on behavior and welfare of hens. Two hundred and sixteen Hyline Brown laying hens were divided into five groups (treatments) with four replicates per group: small furnished cages (SFC), medium furnished cages type I (MFC-I), medium furnished cages type II (MFC-II), and medium furnished cages type III (MFC-III) and conventional cages (CC). The experiment started at 18 week of age and finished at 52 week of age. Hens' behaviors were filmed during the following periods: 8:00 to 10:00; 13:00 to 14:00; 16:00 to 17:00 on three separate days and two hens from each cage were measured for welfare parameters at 50 wk of age. The results showed that feeding and laying of all hens showed no effect by cage type (p>0.05), and the hens in the furnished cages had significantly lower standing and higher walking than CC hens (p<0.05). The birds in MFC-III had significant higher preening, scratching and feather-pecking behavior than in the other cages (p<0.05). No difference in nesting behavior was found in the hens between the furnished cages (p>0.05). The hens in MFC-I, -II, and -III showed a significant higher socializing behavior than SFC and CC (p<0.05). The lowest perching was for the hens in SFC and the highest perching found for the hens in MFC-III. Overall, the hens in CC showed poorer welfare conditions than the furnished cages, in which the feather condition score, gait score and tonic immobility duration of the hens in CC was significantly higher than SFC, MFC-I, MFC-II, and MFC-III (p<0.05). In conclusion, the furnished cage design affected both behavior and welfare states of hens. Overall, MFC-III cage design was better than SFC, MFC-I, and MFC-II cage designs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.305-313
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• 2011

계사 사육 형태에 따른 닭의 스트레스 정도를 알아보기 위하여 단관백색레그혼종을 대상으로 케이지 사육 및 평사 사육으로 관리 후 이들의 생산 능력과 스트레스 관련 표지를 비교 분석하였다. 개체의 생산 능력에 있어 생존율, 산란 지수, 난중 및 체중은 평사 사육군이 케이지 사육군에 비해 유의하게 높은 성적을 보였고, 반면 초산 일령 및 난질의 경우 케이지 사육군이 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 사육 형태에 따른 닭의 스트레스 관련 표지로 형광접합보인법에 의한 텔로미어 함량 분석 및 comet assay에 의한 DNA 손상율을 비교 분석하였다. 텔로미어 함량 분석 결과, 혈액 세포 및 신장, 비장 세포의 경우 평사 사육군이 케이지 사육군에 비해 유의하게 높은 텔로미어 함유율을 보이고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 이의 차이는 더욱 커지는 것으로 나타났다. DNA 손상율은 케이지 사육군이 평사 사육군에 비해 유의하게 높은 손상율을 나타내어 케이지 사육이 평사 사육에 비해 훨씬 높은 스트레스 상태임을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 생존율을 포함한 생산 능력과 스트레스 표지 분석 결과, 산란계에 있어 케이지 사육 방식이 평사 사육 방식보다 개체들에게 생리적 스트레스 요인이 상대적으로 큰 것으로 사료된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1544-1551
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and hair follicle development of growing Rex rabbits as affected by different environmental enrichment materials. Methods: A total of one hundred and twenty Rex rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups; reared in conventional cages (not enriched) and in enriched cages with either willow stick (WS), rubber duck, or a can containing beans (CB), for 44 days. Results: The average daily gain of the CB group was the highest and had a significant difference from that of the other groups (p<0.05). The spleen and cecum weight of the CB group was greater than those of the WS and control groups (p<0.05). The redness (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage a^*) of the meat sample of the control group was lower than those of the enriched cage groups (p<0.05). Moreover, the hue value of the CB group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (p<0.05). The tenderest meat belonged to the CB group. In addition, more secondary (p<0.05) and primary follicles were found in the CB group than in the control group. Conclusion: Environmental enrichment increased the average daily gain and improved some carcass traits, meat quality, and hair follicle density. Among the three environmental enrichment materials, CB could be recommended for rabbit husbandry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.559-568
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• 2012

White (Lohmann LSL) and Brown (ATAK-S) laying hens, were reared under organic and conventional cage rearing systems, and the effects of the rearing system on performance parameters, egg production, egg characteristics, and immune response were investigated. For this purpose, a total of 832 laying hens of two commercial hybrids, i.e., 416 white (Lohmann LSL) and 416 Brown (ATAK-S) layers, were used. The experiment lasted between 23 and 70 wk of age. In this study, the white layers yielded more eggs as compared to the brown layers in both organic and conventional production systems. Egg weight exhibited a similar pattern to that of laying performance. However, the total hen-housed egg number for the white birds in the organic system was fewer than that of white birds in the conventional cage facility; conversely, a contradictory tendency was observed for the brown birds. Livability of the white layers in the organic system was remarkably lower (14%) than that of the brown line, whereas the white line survived better (3.42%) than their brown counterparts in conventional cages. The feed conversion ratio of the white hens was markedly inferior in the organic system as compared to that of the white hens in the conventional system, whereas relatively lower deterioration was reported in brown layers when reared in an organic system. The organic production system increased egg albumen height and the Haugh unit in eggs of the brown layers. The yolk color score of organic eggs was lower than that of conventional eggs for both brown and white hens. The egg yolk ratio of eggs from white layers was found to be higher in organic eggs as compared to those obtained in the conventional system. All organic eggs had heavier shells than those produced in the conventional system. Eggs from brown layers had more protein content than eggs from white layers. Neither housing systems nor genotype influenced egg yolk cholesterol concentration. When compared to conventional eggs, n-3 fatty acid content was lower in organic eggs, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was higher in organic eggs. In conclusion, two hen genotypes showed different responses in terms of performance and egg quality to two different rearing systems. A commercial white strain produced more eggs with higher egg quality as compared to a native brown strain. The brown strain was found to have adapted well to organic production conditions when survival and total egg number was taken into consideration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.701-707
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• 2012

Immune stress is the loss of immune homeostasis caused by external forces. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of immune stress on the growth performance, small intestinal enzymes and peristalsis rate, and mRNA expression of nutrient transporters in broiler chickens. Four hundred and thirty-two 1-d-old broilers (Cobb500) were randomly assigned to four groups for treatment; each group included nine cages with 12 birds per cage. Group 1 = no vaccine (NV); Group 2 = conventional vaccine (CV); group 3 = lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+conventional vaccine (LPS); group 4 = cyclophosphamide (CYP)+conventional vaccine (CYP). The results demonstrated that immune stress by LPS and CYP reduced body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), small intestine peristalsis rate and sIgA content in small intestinal digesta (p<0.05). However, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) remained unchanged during the feeding period. LPS and CYP increased intestinal enzyme activity, relative expression of SGLT-1, CaBP-D28k and L-FABP mRNAs (p<0.05). LPS and CYP injection had a negative effect on the growth performance of healthy broiler chickens. The present study demonstrated that NV and CV could improve growth performance while enzyme activity in small intestine and relative expression of nutrient transporter mRNA of NV and CV were decreased in the conditions of a controlled rational feeding environment. It is generally recommended that broilers only need to be vaccinated for the diseases to which they might be exposed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권5호
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• pp.950-969
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• 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with Acremonium terricola culture (ATC) on the quality, conventional characteristics, and flavor substances of Hortobágy goose meat. A total of 720 one-day-old goslings were divided into four dietary treatments, each consisting of six cages of 30 goslings. The dietary conditions consisted of the control group and three treatment groups supplemented with 3, 5, or 7 g/kg ATC. In male geese, supplementation with 3 g/kg ATC elevated the crude ash (CA) content of the thigh muscle compared to the control group, and the CA content of the pectoralis major was significantly elevated when geese were supplemented with 5 g/kg ATC (p < 0.05). In females, compared with the control group, supplementation with 7 g/kg ATC enhanced the crude protein (CP) content of the pectoralis major. Supplementation with 7 g/kg ATC also increased the crude fat (CF) content of the pectoralis major in females as well as in both sexes; moreover, this supplementation dose increased the inosinic acid content of the thigh muscle in males and in both sexes. In contrast, supplementation with 5 g/kg ATC decreased the pH of the thigh muscle at 12 h postmortem (p < 0.01). No significant changes in meat color, water loss rate, shear force, moisture content or amino acid (AA) levels were observed after ATC supplementation (p > 0.05). Levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) in the pectoralis major and levels of SFAs, monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs), and PUFAs in the thigh muscle were not affected by the supplementation. Overall, ATC supplementation had positive effects on the pH, and CA, CP, CF, inosinic acid contents as well as on the FA composition of gosling meat. The optimal level of ATC supplementation was 7 g/kg in goslings from 1 to 70 days of age.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.85-99
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• 2005

This trial was carried out to determine effects of organic feeds in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats. Twelve Korean native goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and then they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet (A) as a control group and three organic feed groups (B: organic rice straw, C: organic nee leaves, D: organic mixture of rice straw and tree leaves). The A treatment, conventional diet, consisted of common rice straw and commercial concentrates at a proportion of 60 and 40%, respectively. All ingredients of organic feeds treatments were organically produced-agricultural products without any application of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Four experimental diets were formulated to have the same ratio of forage to concentrate and similar contents for protein and carbohydrate across treatments and they were offered to goats ad libitum. Feed intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention were investigated. For chemical compositions of experimental diets, all nutrients except crude ash and ether extract were not significantly different across treatments as we expected. Crude ash content was highest in the A treatment (P<0.05), however, it was not significantly different among organic feeds treatments. Ether extract content was higher (P<0.05) in C and D treatments than in A and B. Even if dry matter intakes for organic feeds treatments were not significantly different among them, they were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with conventional diet. Fecal excreta were not significantly different across treatments, resulting in significantly higher digestible dry matter (g/day) in treatments of organic feeds (P<0.01). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were more increased (P<0.01) in treatments of organic feeds compared with conventional diet. Digestibilities for most of nutrients except NFC had the same trend as ADG and FE, however, NFC digestibilities for C and D treatments were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those of A and B. Nitrogen intakes for organic feeds treatments were significantly higher (P<0.001) than conventional diet, with no difference among organic feeds treatments. Fecal nitrogen loss was higher (P<0.05) for C and D treatments than for A and B. Retained nitrogen contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) for organic feeds treatments than for conventional diet, but nitrogen retention rate did not show any difference across treatments. The results showed that organic feed supplementation more improved feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in comparison with conventional diet, and thus they could be concluded that organic feeds might contribute to animal performance and a safer production of animal product.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.609-614
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• 2015

Implanted telemetry systems provide the ability to monitor different species of animals while they move within their cages. Species monitored include mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, primates, sheep, horses, cattle, and others. A miniature transmitter implanted in each animal measures one or more parameters. Parameters measured include arterial pressure, intra-pleural pressure, left ventricular pressure, intra-ocular pressure, bladder pressure, ECG, EMG, EEG, EOG, temperature, activity, and other parameters and transmits the data via radio frequency signals to a nearby receiver. Every conventional dedicated transmitter contains one or more sensors, cpu and battery. Due to the expected life of the battery, the measuring time is limited. To overcome these problems, electromagnetic inductive coupling based wireless power transmission technology using multiple transmit coils were proposed, with each coil having a different active area driven by the coil driver. In this research, a parallel resonance based coil driver and serial resonance based coil driver are proposed. From the experiments we see that the parallel coil driver shows better performance under a low impedance and multiple coils configuration. However, the serial coil driver is more efficient for high impedance transmit coils.