• 대기
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.445-456
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• 2014

A real-time quality control system for meteorological data (air temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation) measured by an integrated meteorological sensor has been developed based on comparison of quality control procedures for meteorological data that were developed by the World Meteorological Organization and the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), using time series and statistical analysis of a 12-year meteorological data set observed from 2000 to 2011 at the Incheon site in Korea. The quality control system includes missing value, physical limit, step, internal consistency, persistence, and climate range tests. Flags indicating good, doubtful, erroneous, not checked, or missing values were added to the raw data after the quality control procedure. The climate range test was applied to the monthly data for air temperature and pressure, and its threshold values were modified from ${\pm}2{\sigma}$ and ${\pm}3{\sigma}$ to ${\pm}3{\sigma}$ and ${\pm}6{\sigma}$, respectively, in order to consider extreme phenomena such as heat waves and typhoons. In addition, the threshold values of the step test for air temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, and wind speed were modified to $0.7^{\circ}C$, 0.4 hPa, 5.9%, and $4.6m\;s^{-1}$, respectively, through standard deviation analysis of step difference according to their averaging period. The modified quality control system was applied to the meteorological data observed by the Weather Information Service Engine in March 2014 and exhibited improved performance compared to the KMA procedures.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.200-213
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• 2001

Objectives : This study was purposed to investigate the Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Gold injection Aqua-acupuncture on the experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods : The experimental groups were divided into 4 groups : Control group (group injected with normal saline), J-NS (group injected with normal saline into bilateral Choksamni(ST36)), J-GS (group injected with Gold Injection into bilateral Choksamni(ST36)), and N-GS (injected with Gold Injection into the blank locus of the root of mouse tail). In addition, Diclofenac-Na as a comparative medicine is injected into bilateral Choksamni(ST36) and the blank locus of the root of mouse tail. So we measured the mice paw edema induced by Carrageenin and Dextran, the chronic rat paw edema induced by adjuvant, vascular permeability induced by Acetic acid in mice, the writhing syndrome induced by Acetic acid in mice, the heat-induced pain threshold in mice. Results : The following result have been obtained. 1. The mice paw edema induced by Carrageenin was significantly decreased in J-GS as compared with the control group. 2. The mice paw edema induced by Dextran was significantly decreased in J-GS and N-GS as compared with the control group. 3. The chronic rat paw edema induced by Adjuvant was significantly decreased in J-GS and N-GS as compared with the control group. Serum Iron content was significantly decreased in J-GS and N-GS as compared with the control group. But the effect on the Serum Copper contents has no significance statistically. 4. Vascular permeability induced by Acetic acid in mice was significantly decreased in J-GS and N-GS as compared with the control group. 5. The level of Acetic acid-induced Writhing syndrome and Heat-induced Pain Threshold in mice were all significantly decreased in J-GS and N-GS as compared with the control group. Conclusion : According to the result, gold injection aqua-acupuncture has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on the experimental model of rheumatiod arthiritis.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2009

시설재배 가지 및 피망에서 꽃노랑총채벌레의 가해에 따른 피해양상과 방제수준 설정을 인위적인 충 접종과 케이지 실험을 통해 조사하였다. 2005년 가지 실험결과, 꽃노랑총채벌레 가해에 의한 직접적인 피해는 가지 과실에서 나타났고, 여러 개의 가는 선과 굵은 선을 동시에 갖거나 과실 표면이 일부 표백된 피해가 심한 과실은 상품성이 하락하였다. 꽃노랑총채벌레는 가지 꽃에서는 성충태가, 앞에서는 유충태가 주로 발견되었다. 꽃노랑총채벌레 밀도 수준에 따른 시험구간 수량차이는 발견되지 않았다. 시험구의 꽃노랑총채벌레 발생밀도(수확 2주전 일주일간 끈끈이트랩 밀도)와 각 수확시 비상품과율간에는 정의 상관 관계가 있었다. 황색 끈끈이트랩 이용시 방제수준을 피해과율 5%를 유발하는 총채벌레 밀도로 가정했을 때 가지 수확 2주전에 일주일간 성충 유살수가 10마리 되는 수준이었다. 2007년 피망 실험결과, 꽃노랑총채벌레에 의한 피해는 피망의 과실표면, 꽃받침에 뚜렷하게 나타났고, 과실에서 피해가 심할 경우 상품성이 하락되었다. 밀도가 높은 시험구들에서는 상품과의 수량에 유의한 감소가 있었다. 피망에서 꽃노랑총채벌레 밀도와 피해과율에는 높은 상관관계가 있었고, 피해과율 5%를 유발하는 꽃노랑 총채벌레 밀도수준은 수확2주전 끈끈이트랩 유살수의 경우 일주일간 채집된 개체수가 4.8마리, 꽃에서 발생밀도의 경우는 0.9마리 수준이었다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1998년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.458-460
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• 1998

The drum level control is initiated by 1-element manual control, and then the control mode is changed to 1-element automatic control mode. Finally, the drum level control is changed to 3-element automatic control mode by the logic based on pre-defined threshold of main steam flow. In terms of plant automation, the automatic 1-element control mode is required from the start-up of boiler. In this paper, the fuzzy controller is adopted for automatic 1-element control of drum level from start-up. It is suggested that the fuzzy controller is used in 1-element control, and the fuzzy-PI cascade controller is used in 3-element control. Finally, the validity of suggested control scheme is shown via simulation.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 멀티 레벨 플래쉬 메모리 셀의 프로그램 포화영역에서 트랩된 전하 손실 효과에 의한 데이터 보유 특성에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. Incremental Step Pulse Programming(ISPP) 방식에 의한 전압 인가 시 셀의 문턱 전압은 선형적으로 증가하다 일정 수준 이상의 전압에 도달하면 더 이상 증가 하지 않는 현상을 문턱 전압 포화 현상이라고 한다. 이는 프로그램 시 플로팅 게이트에 축적된 전하가 Inter-Poly Dielectric(IPD) 층을 통해 컨트롤 게이트로 빠져 나가는 것에 원인이 있다. 본 연구는 열적 스트레스에 의한 문턱 전압의 보유 특성이 선형 영역에서보다 포화 영역에서 심각하게 저하되는 현상의 원인규명에 대한 연구이다. 이를 평가하기 위해 프로그램 후 데이터 보유(data retention) 특성 평가 및 반복 읽기 측정을 진행하였다. 또한 여러 가지 측정 패턴을 이용한 측정 조건 분리 실험을 통해 검증하였다. 그 결과 포화 영역에서의 문턱 전압 저하 특성의 원인은 포화 시 가해진 높은 전압에 의해 플로팅 게이트와 컨트롤 게이트 사이의 인터 폴리 절연막 IPD 층의 질화막에 트랩된 전자의 손실 효과인 것으로 나타났다. IPD 층의 질화막에 전하 트랩 현상이 발생하고 열적 스트레스가 가해진 후 트랩된 전하가 다시 빠져 나오면서 문턱 전압의 저하가 발생하고 이는 소자의 신뢰성에 나쁜 영향을 미친다. 낸드 플래쉬 메모리 셀의 프로그램 포화 영역 문턱 전압을 증가시키기 위해서는 질화막에 트랩된 전하의 손실을 고려하여 플로팅 게이트의 전하저장 능력을 향상시켜야 하며 IPD 막에 대한 주의 깊은 설계가 필요하다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.293-302
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• 2000

본 연구는 코호트내 환자-대조군 연구설계를 통하여 0.5% 소금물에 대한 역치와 위암발생 위험의 관련성을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 강화 코호트와 강화 암등록사업을 통하여 얻은 위암 환자군 90명, 지역사회대조군 141명을 대상으로 수집된 자료를 분석한 결과 두군간에 건강관련 변수들의 분포에 별 차이가 없었다. 다만 '주관적 건강수준'과 '동년배에 비교한 주관적 건강수준'에 차이가 있었다. Cox외 비례위험모형을 이용하여 '주관적 건강수준' 흡연, BMI 등 혼란변수를 통제하고 추정한 '0.5% 소금물을 싱겁다'고 느낀 군의 '그렇지 않다'고 느낀 군에 비한 위암의 상대위험도는 0.77로 통계적으로 유의한 수준이 아니었다(표4). 앞으로 이 분야에 대한 연구는 소금섭취량 측정수준의 상향조정은 물론, 매운 음식 섭취의 감안과 이 두변수의 교호작용등을 고려하되 환자 본인에게서 자료를 얻을 수 있는 병원내에서 수행하는 환자-대조군 연구를 수행함이 바람직하다고 생각한다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회A
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• pp.1132-1137
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• 2007

This paper describes a Unified Chassis Control (UCC) strategy to prevent vehicle rollover by integrating individual modular chassis control systems such as Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and Continuous Damping Control (CDC). The UCC threshold is determined from a rollover index computed by estimated roll angle, roll rate and measured lateral acceleration. A direct yaw moment control method is used to design the ESC based on a 2-D bicycle model. Similarly, the CDC is designed based on a 2-D roll model using a direct roll moment control method. The performance of the proposed UCC scheme is investigated and compared to that of modular chassis controllers through computer simulations using a validated vehicle simulator. It is shown that the proposed the UCC can lead to improvements in vehicle stability and efficient actuation of chassis control systems.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.242-249
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• 2003

셀룰러 시스템에서 음성제어 웹 브라우징 혹은 음성제어 주식거래 같은 특별한 음성제어 응용서비스 (VCS: voice control application services)를 채택할 때, 적당한 VCS의 서비스 등급을 유지하기 위해서 OVS (ordinary voice communications service)에 요구되는 채널품질보다 더 좋은 채널품질이 필요하다. 무선정체 (air congestion)를 피하기 위해서, 수신기의 잡음레벨이 정해진 임계값보다 더 높지 않거나 기지국의 다른 호가 모든 채널 처리자원 (channel-processing resource)을 점유하지 않았다면, 호는 보통 수락되어진다. 잡음 레벨의 임계값은 음성통화 서비스의 배경잡음레벨을 포함하여 보통 10 ㏈ 정도이다. 기지국이 OVS 호 처리방법으로 VCS의 호를 수락할 때, OVS와 VCS 호의 일부분이 같은 확률로 채널을 점유하지 못하고 블록킹 되어진다. 만일 같은 임계값 10㏈가 사용되면, 수락되어진 VCS의 호는 나쁜 채널품질에 노출이 되고 강제로 블록킹 되어진다. 사용자의 관점에서 진행증인 호의 강제종료는 새로운 호를 블록킹 하는 것보다 더 바람직하지 못하다. 한편으로 VCS을 위한 낮은 임계값을 사용한다면, VCS의 블록킹 확률은 OVS의 블록킹 확률보다 더 높아지게 된다. 이 논문에서는, 블록킹 확률을 줄이고 적당한 채널 품질을 유지하기 위해서 VCS에 우선순위를 주는 호 수락 정책을 제안한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2017

Objectives: The deaths of Korean victims exposed to the disinfectant CMIT/MIT have remained unresolved. This is mainly due to a lack of concordance between the few available toxicity tests and the abundant epidemiological data, making it difficult to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate any potential associations between CMIT/MIT exposure and death. Methods: Groups of experimental and control C57BL/6 mice were instilled (in the trachea) with chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) using a visual instillobot. CMIT/MIT was instilled over a period of three days and eight weeks, respectively, to achieve acute and chronic exposures. A threshold dose-response model was applied for estimating the threshold level as one line of evidence for a causal association between CMIT/MIT and death. Results: An acute exposure of 1.2 mg ai/kg/day of CMIT/MIT was estimated to reflect the threshold for death. The dose-response curve with this threshold showed a very steep slope and a narrow range of CMIT/MIT exposures. The narrow range of CMIT/MIT exposures, in particular, indicated an evident boundary between survival and death, thus implicating a strong causal association. A similar threshold dose-response relationship observed following acute exposure was also seen following chronic exposure to CMIT/MIT. Airborne disinfectant exposure was visible as minimal or mild lung damage with no fibrosis, as shown by histopathological tests. However, many observations are considered to be functional respiratory tract or lung failure due to death, as observed in necropsies of the mice that died due to CMIT/MIT exposures. Conclusions: There are two strong lines of evidence for a causal association between death and CMIT/MIT exposure: 1) The threshold dose-response curve, with a very steep slope and a narrow range of CMIT/MIT exposures showing a visible boundary between survival and death; and 2) many cases of functional respiratory or lung failure.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.533-543
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect of low power GaAsAl laser on the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation using different treatment points, acupuncture point (zusanli) and non-acupuncture points(back). Furthermore, we investigated the analgesic effect of low power GaAsAl laser using the different duration and intensity of laser in mechanical stimulation induced pain behavior. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The threshold of mechanical stimulation was significantly increased by GaAsAl laser stimulation into zusanli point after 15 and 30 min after laser stimulation(P<05). However, the laser stimulation into non-acupoint did not affect the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation. with dose dependent manner. 2. In order to investigate the analgesic effects of BV depending upon different intensities of laser stimulation, the experimental animals were divided into three groups: 3 mW treated group, 6 mW treated group and 10 mW treated group. The low power GaAsAl laser stimulation was applied into zusanli acupoint for 30 min with different intensity of laser stimulation. Six and ten mW of laser stimulation significantly increased the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation at 15 min after laser stimulation as compared to that of control group(P<.05). Moreover, the analgesic effect of 10 mW laser stimulation was maintained for 30 min after laser stimulation (P<.05). 3. Finally, we tested the analgesic effect of 10 mW laser stimulation using different duration such as 10 min, 30 min or 1 hr after application of mechanical stimulation. In 30 min treatment group, the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation was increased at 15min and 30min after laser stimulation(P<.05). However, laser stimulation for 60 min dramatically increased the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation at 0 min after laser stimulation and the analgesic effect of laser stimulation was observed until 1 hr after laser stimulation. In conclusion, these data apparently demonstrate that low power GaAsAl laser has analgesic effect on mechanical induced pain model in rats. In addition, the treated point, intensity and duration of laser stimulation should be concerned before clinical application for pain management purpose.