• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2019

In this study, an anthracene cross-linker is introduced to enhance the catalytic activity of glucose oxidase (GOx) based catalysts and to increase the amount of enzyme loading. The crosslinked GOx is bonded with the CNT/PEI support using the electrostatic interaction (AC[CNT/PEI/GOx]). Electrochemical evaluations are done to evaluate the performance of this catalyst and the performance of CNT/PEI/GOx catalyst is also measured as a control. According to the measurements, it is confirmed that the amount of loaded GOx increases, while $K_m$ value calculated by Lineweaver-Burk plot shows that AC[CNT/PEI/GOx] ($K_m$ : 0.73 mM) is superior to CNT/PEI/GOx ($K_m$ : 1.71 mM) without cross-linking reaction. Based on these effects, it is demonstrated that the maximum power density of the enzymatic biofuel cell using AC[CNT/PEI/GOx] increases from $21.2{\mu}W/cm^2$ to $57.4{\mu}W/cm^2$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.362-371
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• 2022

This study was conducted to analyze the fragrance characteristics of Cymbidium 'Saelbit' and 'Midan' according to floral organs. As test materials, full bloom flowers were divided into four organs: sepal, petal, labellum, and column. Using the gas chromatography (GC) based electronic nose, fragrance patterns, intensity, and volatile components were analyzed. Principle component analysis (PCA) and discriminant factorial analysis (DFA) plots by electronic nose data showed that volatiles of both cultivars have a distinct difference in fragrance patterns according to the floral organs, and the value of fragrance distance and pattern discrimination index (PDI) between samples was significantly high between control and sepals in both cultivars. Among the main fragrance components, several components including nootkatone were detected in both cultivars and all floral organs. However, few components such as decane were found in specific cultivar or floral organs. These results will provide useful information to select suitable materials with desired fragrance and to enhance the utilization of domestic Cymbidium cultivars. In addition, considering the recent negative perception of artificial ingredients and the growing demand for natural materials, continuous researches on scent properties of promising cultivars are required.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.637-646
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• 2020

Background and objective: The main objective of this study is to measure the amount of particulate matter (PM) reduction under different characteristics of leaves in 18 different species of indoor plants. Methods: First, a particular amount of PM was added to the glass chambers (0.9×0.86×1.3 m) containing the indoor plant (height = 40 ± 20 cm), and the PM concentration were measured at 2-hour intervals. The experiment with the same conditions was conducted in the empty chamber as the control plot. Results: The range of PM reduction per unit leaf area of 18 species of experimental plants was 3.3-286.2 ㎍·m^-2 leaf, total leaf area was 1,123-4,270 cm², and leaf thickness was 0.14-0.80 mm and leaf size 2.27-234.47 cm². As time passed, the concentration of PM decreased more in the chamber with plants than in the empty chamber. Among the 18 indoor plants, the ones with the greatest reduction in PM2.5 in 2 hours and 4 hours of exposure to PM2.5 were Pachira aquatica and Dieffenbachia amoena. As the exposure time of PM increased, the efficiency of reducing PM2.5 was higher in plants with medium-sized leaves than plants with large or small leaves. The effect of reducing PM2.5 was higher in linear leaves than round or lobed leaves. Plants with high total leaf area did not have advantage in reducing PM because the leaves were relatively small and there were many overlapping parts between leaves. In the correlation between leaf characteristics and PM 2.5 reductions, all leaf area and leaf thickness showed a negative and leaf size showed a positive correlation with PM reduction. Conclusion: The PM reduction effect of plants with medium-sized leaves and long linear leaves was relatively high. Moreover, plants with a large total leaf area without overlapping leaves will have advantaged in reducing PM. Plants are effective in reducing PM, and leaf characteristics are an important factor that affects PM reduction.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2022

This study analyzed changes in the vegetation structure of 16 permanent plots (experimental and control) installed in Wando Arboretum in 1996 to monitor the long-term change process of evergreen broad-leaved forests in warm temperate. Especially, this study discusses the effects of trial treatment (selection cutting and plant introduction), introduced as a restoration technique in 1996, on vegetation development. In communities dominated by Quercus acuta in the canopy (permanent plots 1 through 3), this species's mean important percentage (MIP) decreased, and the evergreen broad-leaved species was introduced from outside increased, likely to change the vegetation structure in the future. The expansion of the evergreen broad-leaved species group was also confirmed in Q. acuta-deciduous broad-leaved forests (permanent plots 5 and 7) and Pinus densifloraforests (permanent plots 9 and 10). In the experimental plots where thinning was carried out, the zoochory (the dispersal of seeds by birds), Cinnamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, etc., and the expansion of the influence of evergreen broad-leaved species were remarkable, so it is considered to have effectively promoted the vegetation development in warm temperate forests. Although evergreen broad-leaved species were planted in the experimental plot to change vegetation structure, it seems the effect on the change was weak due to the small amount of planting. Compared to other vegetation types, the change in the vegetative structure of the pine forest to an evergreen broad-leaved forest was clear due to the decline of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, and growth characteristics of Aster koraiensis and Dendranthema zawadskii var. latiloba according to shading treatment. A. koraiensis and D. zawadskii grew in four different shading treatment plots (0%, 50%, 75% and 95% of full sunlight) for experiments. It was found that as the shading level increased, the total chlorophyll content increased and dark respiration decreased in both A. koraiensis and D. zawadskii, indicating that A. koraiensis and D. zawadskii increase the utilization efficiency for photosynthesis under low light conditions. In addition, as the shading level increased, the net apparent quantum yield increased, resulting in the highest in the 95% shading plot, but the highest photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and leaf mass per area (LMA) were shown in the control group than in the shading treatments. The results showed that A. koraiensis and D. zawadskii are heliophytes showing plasticity to light, and if the light is restricted to continue to shade, it may be detrimental to growth. For healthy growth, it is considered suitable to grow A. koraiensis under full light conditions, and D. zawadskii under the light condition that blocks 0-50% of full sunlight.

• Iberoamérica
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.25-52
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• 2019

Esperpento denotes a literary style in Spanish literature first established by Spanish author Ramón María del Valle Inclán that uses distorted descriptions of reality in order to criticize society. And esperpento's narrative strategy is similar in many ways to Mikhail Bakhtin's carnivalism. Especially Valle Inclán's first esperpentic theatre, Luces de Bohemia contained various carnivalistic elements of Bakhtin. The various techniques of Valle Inclán's esperpento used in Luces de Bohemia can be explained by Bachchin's carnivalist techniques. Therefore, this paper aims to re-examine the esperpentic techniques in Luces de Bohemia of Valle Inclán in terms of Bakhchin's carnivalism. Because the esperpentic tecniques of this play pursue the subversion of power or authority through the carnivalistic aspects such as polyphony, subversion of seriousness, parody, grotesque realism, plaza, ambivalence, anomalous structure of space, time and plot, etc. Esperpento and carnivalism serve as a tool to interpret the social reality, beyond criticism and satire of Spanish society. The characters act passively on all the external factors that determine human destiny, rather than actively carving their own destiny like the classic heroes. Modern man cannot defy or control the external situation of the modern civilization. So they are tragic. In this situation, the protagonist of the tragedy who challenges reality disappears and a puppet figure like Max Estrella, the protagonist of the Luces de Bohemia, takes his place on a satirical level. This is the satire and the true meaning of carnivalistic humor that Valle Inclán tried in his play.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.59-71
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• 2016

The occurrence and growth of grass and sedge weed species were investigated in the transplanted rice fields that have different transplanting dates from Apr. 30 to Jun 19 with 10-day interval. The growth and yield of rice plant grown without weed control examined in each plot that has different transplanting dates. Both grass and sedge weeds showed greater plant numbers in the early transplanted plots(Apr. 30 and May 10) than late transplanted plots. Based on the occurring number and dry weight of weeds, the experimental plots were classified into two groups, early group and late group. Weed occurrence and growth were not dramatically different within a group even the occurrence was enhanced as delayed transplanting. Echinochloa spp. that was the most problematic weed showed higher dry weight in early-transplanted field until July, however, the greater dry weight was observed in the late-transplanted plots after August. Sedge weeds including Eleocharis kuroguwai and Scirpus juincoides showed persistently higher value of dry weight in early-transplanted plots than late plots over the experimental period. As the puddling was conducted earlier, emergences of grass and sedge weeds were occurred early and weed growth rate became greater. Therefore, growth and yield of rice that transplanted early decreased more strongly due to the strong suppression by grass and sedge weeds showing the enhanced weed growth rates in early-transplanted plots. Based on the weed growth rate, the adverse effects of grass weeds was maintained for longer period than sedge weeds that showed higher growth rates before heading date of rice plant.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.129-139
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• 2004

This study conducted to find out the best way to prolong green period of Zoysiagrass and Cool-season grass from 1999 to 2001 in Korea. Treatments were control, vinyl, black shade net, green shade net, black shade net+vinyl, green shade net+vinyl, vinyl+black shade net, and vinyl+green shade net for Zoysiagrass. For cool-season grass, treatments were control, non-punched vinyl and punched vinyl. Data on temperature, light intensity, humidity, leaf color and chlorophyll were collected. Plot size was 2 by 2 and the experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with three replication. Zoysiagrass Green period of Zoysiagrass depended on temperature and light intensity than humidity. Effective method of prolongation of green period in Zoysiagrass was to covered it with vinyl during early October to early November, and then using vinyl+black shade net from end of November. Cool-season grass Effective method of prolongation of green period in Cool-season grass was by covering it with vinyl during mid-November to mid-December, and then using vinyl+black shade net from end of December.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2008

We have found the clusters of tiny spiny puffball-like mushrooms growing gregariously in fairy ring (arcs) rimmed by a zone of darker green grass in the golf courses. Macroscopic as well as microscopic characters were examined for the morphology of fruiting body. Exoperidium is thin and densely spiny with minute fibrillae at early stage. The connivent spines were soft and quite persistent. In age, the fibrillae scrumble away with a powdery coating, which leaves white endoperidium becoming pale brown. It's interior was white and fleshy at first, but turns into an olive-colored dust as the gleba, the spore-producing tissue, develops to maturity and loaded with olive-brown spore mass. Then, distinct apical pore developed on the endoperidium. Rudimentary subgleba(sterile base) was narrow, chambered, delineated from the gleba by a membrane in young material. These characters suggested this fungus is a Vascellum, a member of the family Lycoperdaceae. The shapes of the spores were globose, echinulate, $3{\sim}3.5{\mu}m$ in diameter, thick-walled, and olive brown. Capillitial threads were $8-9{\mu}m$ wide, mostly colorless in KOH solution and thin-walled, which designated as "paracapillitium". This is an another character that distinguishes this mushroom from Lycoperdon spp. The spines developed on exoperidium were characteristically connivent; their apices joined together in a point, leaving a space below, which gives the appearance of vault to each group of usually 5 to 6 fibrillae. Based on the above characters, this fungus is identified as Vascellum curtisii (Berkeley). The characters distinguishable this from Lycoperdon pulcherrimum, and Vascellum pretense are discussed in detail. Control trial was also attempted. Strong vertical raking(SVR) followed by applying 500x detergent solution (Spark, Aekyung Co. Seoul) resulted in excellent control over any other treatments. In this plot, fruiting body was not developed throughout the end of mushroom growing season.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.352-356
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• 2011

It is true that the industrial development has usually been accompanied with urbanization or centralization of population that has inevitably led to high-rise buildings and densely built-up living area in the cities. While it is badly needed to acquire as much green land within the city limits as possible to compensate for reduced space for recreational purpose in parallel with increasingly urbanized area, the living conditions of plants have become seriously devastated due to shortage of sun light walled-off by high-rise buildings and contaminated environment and air. The shade that is generated by high-rise and compact buildings hinders growth of plants, which makes it urgent to develop native ground cover plant that is strongly viable in the shade. For this purpose, Ligularia stenocephala, best known as greens for Ssam (rice and condiments wrapped in leaves) was cultivated under the 30%, 50%, and 80% shadings and observed to see if there would be any changes in soil conditions, growth of plants and chlorophyll contents depending on the shading rate. The leaf number was 10.8 pieces under the 50% shading and 8.4 under the 30%-shading, 7.7 pieces more than that cultivated under lighting. The leaf width turned out to be excellent from cultivation under the 50%- shading, an evidence indicating its possibility of being cultivated as native ground cover plant in the shade. The live weight of the plants cultivated under the shading increased to 31.63 g, 43.39 g and 19.40 g, respectively, compared to 90.43 g of those in the untreated control plot. The increase in growth of roots was particularly significant with 48.48 g in comparison to 12.33 g under 30% shading cultivation. The chlorophyll synthesis amounted to 46.2 under the 50% shading, showing an increase compared to 41.9 under lighting. The chlorophyll synthesis rather shrank under other shading conditions. The cultivation of Ligularia stenocephala under the 50% shading showed the best condition in growth as native ground cover plant.