• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1996

Doctors who treat pregnant women ore usually cautious in writing their prescription for the drugs. The problem of which psychotropic medications ore sale during pregnancy seems to remain unsolved for many years. Although the rate of absorption is reduced due to a reduced rate of gastric emptying, the extent of absorption of drug is generally unchanged during pregnancy. Plasma volume and total body water increase during pregnancy. There is suggestion that drug metabolizing activity may be increased in pregnancy. Since the pregnancy increase the glomerular filtration rate significantly, drugs mainly eliminated by renal excretion will be cleared more quickly. Factors contributing to the potential teratogenecity of a drug include the type of compound, dose and duration of use, developmental stage of fetus at the time of exposure, and the effect of the drug on fetal pharmacokinetics. All major classes of psychotropic agents should be assumed to diffuse readily across the placenta to the fetus and to be present in some quantity in the breast milk. To decide when and how to start the drug treatment depends on an assessment of the risks related both with and without drug treatment of psychiatric disorders.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 1994

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the herbicide alachlor in soybean, Chinese cabbage, and barnyard grass seedlings were examined and compared with each other using [phenyl-U-$^{14}C$] alachlor in search of a primary factor contributing to the selectivity of alachlor. When root of each seedling was immersed into the solution containing [$^{14}C$]alachlor, the amount of absorbed radioactivity/mg dry matter of seedling which was suggested to be correlated with the susceptibility of plants to alachlor decreased in the order of soybean ${\gg}$ Chinese cabbage ${\geq}$ barnyard grass and the rate of translocation to shoot was Chinese cabbage ${\geq}$ barnyard grass ${\gg}$ soybean. These orders did not consistently explain the selective phytotoxicity of alachlor. Analyses of extracts by reverse phase chromatography showed that alachlor was detoxified by conjugation with glutathione in all three plants and the rate of glutathione conjugation of soybean, the resistant species to alachlor, was the greatest, while that of barnyard grass, the susceptible, was the lowest among three plants. This result explained well the selective phytotoxicity of alachlor. Both absorption and translocation contribute undoubtedly to the selectivity by influencing the active internal concentration of alachlor. However, neither of them appeared to be a primary factor. It was concluded that the most important primary factor was the rate of glutathione conjugation, which detoxifies alachlor and plays an important role in selectivity.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.211-224
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate gender differences in the Korean Medical Community. Methods: Participants in the research study included 90 students regularly attending the fourth grade in Korean Medicine College, of which 48 were male and 42 were female. Results: 1. Patient's preferences for female KMD (Korean Medicine Doctor) had the lowest response rate in Korean Medical Society. Preferences for male KMD were due to factors including comfort level, rationality, good training, and patient's preference. 2. Patient's preferences for female KMD had the highest response rate in Gynecology, and Pediatrics. On the other hand, patient's preferences for female KMD had the lowest response rate in the other 7 specialty subjects. 3. The reasons for gender discrimination against male KMD were lack of subtlety, lack of empathy, authoritative attitude, and lack of patient management skills. The reasons for gender discrimination, against female KMD were childcare burden, social prejudices, lack of physical strength, and housekeeping burdens. Conclusions: The study results indicated that there was a lower preference for female KMD than male KMD among the Korean Medical Society and in patients' consciousness. Male-centered culture of Korean Medical Society had no role in this finding, but masculine image for KMD jobs and work-family double burden for female KMD were important contributing factors.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.737-746
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• 2008

Numerical study is conducted to grasp preferential diffusion effects on flame characteristics in $H_2/CO$ syn-gas diffusion flames diluted with $CO_2$. The models of Sun et al. and David et al., which have been well known to be best-fitted for $H_2/CO$ synthetic mixture flames. are evaluated for $H_2/CO$ synthetic mixture flames diluted with $CO_2$. Comparison of flame structures with mixture-averaged species diffusion and suppression of the diffusivities of $H_2$ and H was made. The behaviors of maximum flame temperatures with those species diffusion models are not explained by scalar dissipation rate but by the nature of chemical kinetics. Importantly-contributing reaction steps to heat release rate are also compared for the three species diffusion models in $H_2/CO/CO_2$ flames with and without $CO_2$ dilution.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.48
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• pp.82-112
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• 2002

This study investigates the causes of poverty in Korea since the 1997 Economic Crisis by analyzing the composition and characteristics of the poor by the types of families. While the poor largely consisted of disadvantaged groups, such as the aged, the disabled, or the female-headed families before the Crisis, families headed by working-aged and non-disabled adults have represented a larger portion of the entire poor since the Crisis. The higher overall poverty rate in 1998 mainly resulted from the rapid increase in the number of the unemployed and the high poverty rate of their families. In 1999, the larger number of the unemployed poor exited from poverty by getting a job in the labor market, contributing to the reduction in the overall poverty rate. The significant number of families headed by working adults were poor in 1998, and the size of these working poor was not reduced in 1999. The poverty among this group has been caused by lowered wage rates and deteriorating job security. The findings from this study suggest that anti-poverty policies in Korea be improved to provide better income and employment assistance to the non-working poor and, more importantly, be extended to effectively reduce poverty among the working low-income families.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.617-621
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• 1977

In order to comparatively observe the salivary cariogenic factors contributing to permanent tooth caries development in each sexes of Korean, the author performed estimation of unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates, salivary viscosity test, and salivary buffering capacity test in 50 males and 50 females Koreans aged form the age 20 to 29. Thereafter, the data from the four kinds of caries activity test were analysed and evaluated comparatively. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Unstimulated salivary flow rate for five minutes was 2.2ml in males and 1.7ml in females but the sexual difference was not significant statistically. 2. Stimulated salivary flow rate for five minutes was 7.1ml in males and 4.8ml in females. 3. Salivary viscosity was 1.9 in males and 1.7 in females but the sexual diffrence was not significant statistically. 4. Salivary buffering capacity was 8.5 drops in males and 6.7 drops in females 5. It seems the stimulated salivary flow rate and buffering capacity to be the anti-cariogenic factors in the occurrence of permanent tooth caries in Koreans.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 1977

The author performed Snyder test, estimation of salivary flow rate, salivary viscosity test, salivary buffering capacity test, M-R test, oral hygiene ability test, estimation of oral glucose clearance time and plaque reformation test in the 107 male Koreans aged form the age of 20 to 29, in order to detect and control the active cariogenic factors contributing to caries development on the individual basis. Thereafter, the data from 8 kinds of caries activity test were analysed and evaluated. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Snyder test was positive in 86.0% of total tested persons, and among those showing positive Snyder test reaction, slight caries activity was appeared in 39.1%, moderate caries activity in 23.9%, and marked caries activity in 37.0%. 2. Salivary flow rate was under the average flow amount in 53.3%. 3. Salivary buffering capacity was low in 22.4%. 5. Buffering capacity of dental plaque was high in 12.5%. 6. Oral hygiene ability was insufficient in all persons tested. 7. Oral glucose clearance time was long in 42.1%. 8. Plaque reformation rate was high in 8.4% of the 107 persons tested.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 1985

Therapy for anovulation represents one of the more gratifying and successful type of infertility management. Despite the introduction of bromocriptine, human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG), and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), clomiphene citrate remains the mainstay of ovulation induction therapy. There is wide variability in reported rates of ovulation induction (57-91%) and conception (25-43%) following clomiphene therapy. Factors contributing to this variability among different reports are the differences in dosage and duration of therapy, different criteria utilized in selecting patients for clomiphene therapy and different luteal phase parameters of presumptive ovulation. A review of recent experience with clomiphene citrate in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Seoul National University from January, 1983 to May, 1985 yields the following conclusions: 1. Ovulation rate per total patients treated was, 69.0% 2. Pregnancy rate per total patients treated was 31.7%, and that per total patients ovulated was 45.9%. 3. Ovulation rate at the dosage level up to 150 mg/day (50.3-53.8%) was somewhat higher than that at 200 mg/day or more (33.3-34.6%), and pregnancy rate per total patients treated was comparable at each dosage level. 4. Ovulation rate per total patients ovulated at each dosage level, where ovulation and conception occurred, showed a decreasing tendency as the dosage increased, but pregnancy rate per total patients conceived was comparable except at 200 mg/day. 5. Cumulative pregnancy rate per total patients conceived in each ovulatory cycle was 68.9% in 3 cycles, 88.9% in 4 cycles, and 100% in 6 cycles.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.4 s.44
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• pp.574-586
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• 1993

This study was to examine the actual conditions and contributing factors of absenteeism in manufacturing workers. Subjects were 1,184 workers employed in Taejon city and the observation period for absenteeism was 3 months (June to August), 1992. We obtained the following results. 1. Percentage of the absentees among the studied subjects were 21.1% in gross absence and 6.9% in sickness absence. Gross absence rate of subjects was 1.2% and sickness absence rate was 0.5%. 2. In the group of absentees, mean days of absence was 2.8 days and those of sickness was 4.4 days. Mean days of sickness absence due to injury was higher than that of illness, but the total days of sickness absence was high in extremity injuries, trunk injury, general fatigue, head injury, musculoskeletal problem in that order. 3. Variables contributing to the absence were job classification, education level, working hours per day, exposure of noxious factor, worker classification. 4. In the group of absentees, variables influencing the gross absence rate were working atmosphere, body mass infer, working environment, working hours per day but those of the sickness absence were working hours per day, education level and working atomosphere.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.60-73
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• 1999

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare patients with anterior shoulder instability who were treated with an open Bankart procedure with those treated with an arthroscopic procedure, and to evaluate factors influencing the final outcomes and recurrence. Materials & Methods : One hundred seven shoulders underwent open Bankart repair, and fifty-one shoulders were treated arthroscopically. Average followup for open group was 34 months, and for arthroscopy group was 25 months. The Bankart Rating System by Rowe was used to evaluate the clinical outcome of the procedure. And, the patients were asked about any changes concerning their sports and professional activities. Results: According to Bankart Rating system by Rowe, open group had 97% fair to excellent results with 2 recurrent dislocation(1.8%) and 4 recurrent subluxation(3.6%), and arthroscopy group had 94% fair to excellent results with 3 recurrent dislocation(5.8%) and 4 recurrent subluxation(8%). In open group, 9 shoulders(8.4%) had the mild limitation of range of motion at the time of followup, and 2 shoulders(3.9%) in arthroscopy group. Age and gender do not seem to be a significant factor contributing to an increased re-recurrence rate. The incidence of re-recurrence seems to be affected by dominance, frequency, and patient's activity. The size of Bank art lesion might be also considered as a contributing factor. Conclusion: Either open or arthroscopic Bankart procedures are safe and effective methods with acceptable results if an adequate patient's selection, precise surgical technique and proper postoperative care are done. And arthroscopic surgery could be considered if the anterior instability is non-dominant, non-athlete, traumatic unidirectional and Bankart lesion has minimal erosion of the glenoid and it has thick and mobile labrum.