• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.653-661
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• 2007

The Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products (D/DBP) Rule proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency requires the implementation of enhanced coagulation as a control strategy for natural organic matter (NOM) removal and as a means of limiting the formation of all DBPs, i.e., not just the trihalomethanes and haloacetica acids. To control DBP formation, several best available technologies (BATs) were determined for removal of DBPs and DBP precursors. The enhanced coagulation is one of the BATs for DBP precursors removal. Treatment facilities that achieve a specified percent removal of total organic carbon (TOC) prior to the application of a continuous disinfectant or that achieve a residual TOC concentration < 2mg/L prior to the application of a continuous disinfectant are considered to be in compliance with enhanced coagulation. The enhanced coagulation was applied to raw water in Korea, the Han River. Raw water were examined and effects of different raw water qualities on enhanced coagulation were investigated. Three analyses were used for raw water characteristics, water quality measurement, molecular weight distributions, hydrophobic/hydrophilic fractionation. The Han River had the relatively low alkalinity and low organic carbon concentration. The results of molecular weight distributions showed significant portions of low molecular weight organics, which is very different from most water in USA. The alum doses for the required TOC removal guided from USEPA manual were quite low (i.e. 10~30 mg/L alum) for the water, probably due to the specific water quality of the Han River.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2009

This study has been attempted to generate electricity, while simultaneously treating artificial organic wastewater using both batch and continuous microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In the batch MFC, current-voltage curve showed an onset potential of -0.69 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The potential range between this potential and 0 potential displayed an available voltage for an automatic production of electric energy and glucose, which was oxidized and treated at the same time. The 486 mg/L glucose solution showed the maximum power of $30mW/m^2$ and the maximum current density of $75mA/m^2$ shown in the power curve. As a result, discharging of the cell containing COD 423 mg/L at the constant current density of $60mA/m^2$ showed a continuous electricity generation for about 22 hours that dropped rapidly due to dissipating of organic material. Total electric energy production was 18.0 Wh. While discharging, the pH change was low and dropped from pH 6.53 to 6.20 then increased to 6.47, then stabilized at this charge. The COD treatment efficiency was found to be 72%. In the continuous MFC, COD removal tends to increase as the hydraulic retention time is increased. At one day of hydraulic retention time as the maximum value reaches the COD removal efficiency, power production rate and power production rate per COD removal that were obtained were 68.8%, $14mW/m^2$, and $20.8mW/m^2/g$ CODrm, respectively. In the continuous MFC, the power production rate per COD removal increases as the hydraulic retention time is increased and decreases as the organic loading rate is increased. At the values lower than an organic loading rate of $1kgCOD/m^3/d$, the values higher than about $18.1mW/m^2/g$ CODrm could be obtained.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.257-274
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• 2020

There are many previous review articles are available to summarize either the characterization methods of effluent organic matter (EfOM) or the individual control treatment options. However, there has been no attempt made to compare in parallel the physicochemical treatment options that target the removal of EfOM from biological treatments. This review deals with the recent progress on the characterization of EfOM and the novel technologies developed for EfOM treatment. Based on the publications after 2010, the advantages and the limitations of several popularly used analytical tools are discussed for EfOM characterization, which include UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). It is a recent trend to combine an SEC system with various types of detectors, because it can successfully track the chemical/functional composition of EfOM, which varies across a continuum of different molecular sizes. FT-ICR-MS is the most powerful tool to detect EfOM at molecular levels. However, it is noted that this method has rarely been utilized to understand the changes of EfOM in pre-treatment or post-treatment systems. Although membrane filtration is still the preferred method to treat EfOM before its discharge due to its high separation selectivity, the minimum requirements for additional chemicals, the ease of scaling up, and the continuous operation, recent advances in ion exchange and advanced oxidation processes are greatly noteworthy. Recent progress in the non-membrane technologies, which are based on novel materials, are expected to enhance the removal efficiency of EfOM and even make it feasible to selectively remove undesirable fractions/compounds from bulk EfOM.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2019

연속 유입식 SBR 공정의 BOD 제거효율은 체류 시간 9 ~ 15 h에서는 92.1 ~ 96.0%에서 체류 시간 6 h에서는 86.9 ~ 90.7%로 감소하였으나, 체류 시간 6 h까지 안정적인 제거효율을 보였다. T-N 제거효율은, 체류시간 12 ~ 15 h에서는 80.1 ~ 87.9%, 체류시간 9 h에서는 71.9 ~ 87.0%, 체류시간 6 h에서는 60.1 ~ 65.7%로 감소되었다. 유기물 및 질소 제거 결과 실험결과 연속 유입식 SBR 반응조의 최적 체류시간은 9 h로 판단된다. 체류시간 9 h에서 반송률(1 ~ 5Q) 변화에 따른 유기물 제거효율 검토 결과, TCODcr의 제거율은 88.4 ~ 96.0%, TBOD 제거효율은 92.1 ~ 98.1%로 조사되어 내부반송률 변화가 유기물 제거에 미치는 영향은 미미한 것으로 조사되었다. 내부반송률 변화에 따른 T-N은 1 ~ 2Q에서 70.3 ~ 80.4%, 3Q는 77.2 ~ 85.6%, 4 ~ 5Q는 61.5 ~ 80.8%로 조사되어, 내부반송률 3Q에서 질소 제거효율이 가장 높게 조사되었다. T-P는 1 ~ 4Q에서 제거효율은 75.0 ~ 84.6%, 5Q에서는 63.3 ~ 72.4%로 감소하였는데, 이러한 이유는 반송률 5Q 이상에서는 미생물에 의한 인(P)의 용출 및 섭취가 원활하게 이루어지지 않기 때문으로 판단된다. 따라서 유기물 및 영양염류 제거를 위한 최적 반송률은 3Q로 조사되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.295-303
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• 2011

혐기성 소화 반응조에서 항생항균물질의 영향을 평가하기 위해서 회분식 및 연속식 실험을 통하여 biogas 발생량, 유기산 생성, 유기물 제거 거동 등을 관찰하였다. 회분식 조건에서 단일항생항균물질 1~10 mg/L에서는 저해 영향이 관찰되지 않았으며, 50 mg/L에서 일부 VFAs가 축적되었고 16~30%의 유기물 제거효율이 감소되었지만, 일시적 저해 영향 후 점차 안정되었다. 그러나 항생항균물질 100 mg/L에서 바이오가스 발생량이 48~58% 감소하였으며, VFAs가 메탄으로 전환되지 않고 축적되었다. 연속식 반응기에서 4종의 혼합항생항균물질을 1~10 mg/L 주입시 미생물에 대한 저해영향은 없었으며, 50 mg/L 주입시 30~40%의 메탄가스 발생량이 감소하였고, 이는 이론적 메탄발생량의 60~65% 수준이었다. 항생항균물질 100 mg/L 주입시 85% 감소한 약 2.2 L/day의 바이오가스가 발생하였으며, 서서히 회복하여 7.2 L/day까지 바이오가스가 발생하였으나 대조군 대비 52% 수준이상은 회복되지 않았다. 항생항균물질 50 mg/L에서는 독성 저해 후 반응조 체류시간의 3배인 약 30일 정도 후 유기물 제거효율 및 바이오가스 회수가 가능하였으나, 100 mg/L 주입 후 40일 후에도 유기물 제거효율 및 바이오가스 발생량은 낮은 수준이었다. 따라서 혐기성 소화조에 고농도 항생항균물질이 유입되어 저해영향이 관찰되었을 경우 소화슬러지의 일부 또는 전체를 교체해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 혼합항생항균물질을 10~100 mg/L까지 주입하였을 경우 잔류항생항균물질 농도는 주입 6시간 후 CTC 80~90%, OTC 50~70%, SMZ 80~90%, TLS 20~40%가 반응조내에서 독성으로 작용한 후 입자성 유기물이나 EPS 등에 흡착되거나 소화온도에 의하여 감소한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 혐기성 처리를 이용한 공정에 고농도 항생항균물질이 포함된 유기성폐수가 유입되었을 경우 공정의 유지관리에 어려움을 줄 수 있으며, 혐기소화조 유출수내 잔류항생항 균물질이 자연수계로 유입될 경우 2차 오염을 야기할 수 있기 때문에 항생항균물질의 사용의 적절한 관리가 요구되어 진다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.1095-1100
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• 2003

In this study, it was performed using submerged nonwoven bioreactor(SNBR) for removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphate under different aeration intervals(intermittent aeration). We applied the SNBR at the cheap nonwoven fiber module instead of the expensive membrane. The SUBR was mainly made up of an activated sludge reactor and a transverse flow nonwoven module, with an innovative configuration being in application between them. In case of sewage, the aeration conditions experimented consist of continuous aeration and 60min/60min, 120min/60min, 120min/120min of aeration/nonaeration time intervals, respectively. In case of landfill leachate, the intermittent aeration condition was 120min/120min at aeration/nonaeration. Consequently, a high COD removal rate (about 94%) was achieved in sewage and leachate. Although nutrient removal rate was relatively high without any additional chemicals.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2000

음요수 중의 유기탄소의 제거수단으로써 biofiltration법의 타당성을 검토하였다.NOM에서의 생분해 가능한 분율을 알아보기위하여 행하여 졌다. UV 조사량을 3가지로 달리하였을 경우에 회분식에서의 생분해능과 비교하였다. 생물여과 반응기 실험의 경우에 생분해 특성을 검토한 결과 EBCT, 순환비 및 유입농도등과 같은 운전피라미터들이 생물여과 반응기의 생분해능에 영향을 미침을 알 수있었다. 생물여과 반응기의 유출수에서의 UV/DOC의 비는 반응기에 공급되는 원료중의 UV/DOC비에 비해 증가하였으며, 이로부터 생분해에 의해 저거된 DOC는 UV에 의해 그다지 흡수되지 않는 물질임을 알 수있었다. 본 여눅를 통해 생분해 가능한 DOC의 부분을 제거하는데 있어서 생물여과공법이 효과적인 방법이라는 것을 알수있었으며 UV처리와 bilfiltration을 연계한 공정은 수처리 시설에서 유출수의 DOC농도는 낮추는데 효과적인 한가지 방안으로 사료되었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2009

국내산 담수 이매패 펄조개를 이용하여 부영양 저수지의 표층수를 실험실로 유입 처리하고 처리수는 다시 저수지로 환원하는 이른바 '흐름형 유기물 제어'(CROM: continuous removal of organic matters) 기술을 개발하고 하천에서 채취한 모래퇴적물의 첨가가 유기물 제어와 수질에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 조사하였다. CROM은 크게 저류조, 조정조, 처리조, 분석조 등으로 이루어졌으며, 실험은 처리조에 현장수, 현장수+모래, 현장수+패류, 현장수+모래+패류 등을 각각 구성하여 유업속도는 18${\sim}$25 L $h^{-1}$ 패류밀도는 486.1 indiv. $m^{-2}$, 수온은 15${\sim}$22$^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 13일간 실시하였다. 유기물 및 수질 변화를 확인하기 위하여 매일 동일한 시간에 수온, pH, DO, 전도도, 탁도, 염분도, 엽록소 a, 부유물질, TN, TP, $NO_2$, $NO_3$, $NH_3$, $PO_4$ 등을 측정하거나 채수하여 곧바로 분석하였다. 연구결과, 미처리수의 반송이 패류의 유기물 제어에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으며 퇴적물의 첨가에 상관없이 실험기간 동안 80% 이상 유기물(부유물질 빛 ChI-a)을 감소시켰으나 높은 농도의 암모니아와 인산 등을 배출하였다. 결국 한국산 이매패 펄조개를 이용한 CROM 운영효과는 매우 뚜렷하였으나 장기간 운영시 유기물 제어능 및 패류 생존율에 미치는 다른 요인들-수온, 미생물, 세정주기 등의 변화가 예상되며, 처리수에 대한 처리 및 활용에 대한 다각적인 연구가 뒤따라야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.707-714
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• 2007

A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate nitrogen removal by the soil column. The addition of 20% waste oyster shell to the soil accelerated nitrification in soil column. The $NO_3^--N$ concentration in the effluent decreased with the decrease of HRT(Hydraulic Retention Time). When methanol and glucose added as carbon sources, the average removal rates of T-N(Total Nitrogen) were 82% and 77.9%, respectively. The $NO_3^--N$ removal by methanol supplementation in soil column can likely be attributed to denitrification. In continuous removal of nitrogen using the soil column, the COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand) and $NH_4^+-N$ removed simultaneously in organic matter decomposing column. The greater part of $NH_4^+-N$ was nitrified by the percolated through nitrification column, and the little $NH_4^+-N$ was found in the effluent. The T-N of 87.4% removed at HRT of 36 hrs in denitrfication column. Because of nitrified effluents from nitrification column are low in carbonaceous matter, an external source of carbon is required.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2008

This study is about efficiency of pretreatment process and operating factor to membrane process at continuous coagulation/ultrafiltration process in water treatment. The capacity of pilot plant was $0.06{\beta}(C)/d$. The raw water used was from Nakdong stream which was characteristized by high organic matter and high turbidity. The result of the test was that coagulation is good process as to high removal rate to organic matter and turbidity but It caused problem to membrane pore blocking. This paper is to determine the membrane fouling potential under different membrane flux, backwash pressure and linear velocity. Backwash pressure and flux is important parameter on operation of membrane system. Those are directly affected on membrane system. When backwash pressure increased from 150 kPa to 200 kPa, the result showed that fouling (pressure increase rate) changed from 3.69 kPa/h to 0.93 kPa/h and the recovery rate changed from 90.7 % to 82.0 %. Linear velocity had slightly effect on fouling. Linear velocity increased from 0.2 m/s to 0.5 m/s, the corresponding pressure rate changed from 0.93 kPa/d to 0.77 kPa/d.