• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2003

Coliforms is currently being used as the standard of environmental water qualify to evaluate the level of source water quality especially condition of fecal contamination. However, not properly applied to water quality management. So in this study, in addition to Coliforms, fecal contamination indicator bacteria turk at Feral Coliforms(FC), E. coli, Fecal streptococci(FS), Clostridium and environmental parameters related with it's distribution were investigated on a monthly basis in 6 water intakes of Han River. The mean of BOD, DO, SS and pH, benchmarks of source water management were maintained the second grade of environmental water quality standard applied to Han River but Coliforms exceeded it. Distribution of Coliforms ranged from 1.0×10¹ to 2.7 10/sup 5/ CFU/ml, FC ranged from ND to 5.3×10¹ CFU/ml, E. coli ranged from ND to 9.2×10¹ CFU/ml, FS ranged from ND to 2.5×10¹CFU/ml, they were steepy rise on July and August in common when rainfalls was heavy and water temperature was high, but Clostridium perfringens ranged from 1.7×10¹to 1.7×10¹CFU/ml not fluctuate by month. Statistical analysis of sampling data showed that most significant correlations occurred among FC and Coliforms(r = 0.840), E. coli(r = 0.792), FS(r = 0.687) and environmental parameters(temperature, turbidity, SS, rotor were all r > 0.60) while no significant correlation was observed between ammonia generally recognized fecal contamination indicator and bacteria. Identification of the coliforms showed that Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter were comprised of 32%, 24%, 16% respectively, and E. coli were 7% of it. while E. coli was made up 85.9% of FC. The mean value of FC/Coliforms ratio, 5.2(0.1-42) were higher in Amsa, Guui than Jayang. Fecal coliforms, as those are able to reflect more particularly the extent of the fecal contamination, were considered useful in deciding the level of water treatment while monitoring the fecal contamination from the source of water supply. Therefore, it is expected that the water quality is going to be managed more efficiently by using fecal coliforms supplementarily to total coliforms which are current standard item of water-quality environment.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.64-71
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• 2010

National inventory of soil and groundwater contamination is an efficient decision-making tool to identify and manage existing or potential contaminated sources and contaminants. It has been used as basic data for establishing the scheme of regulations and remediation plans of soil and groundwater contamination in developed countries. This study examined classification of existing or potential sources of soil and groundwater contamination from various countries to suggest implications that required for development of classification of soil and groundwater contamination sources in Korea. Each country has provided a list of currently or potentially contaminating activities or landuses and identified some of the potential contaminants related to those contamination sources. Consideration of sources which had not been mentioned or regarded as contamination sources before was suggested for Korea situation. In addition, it is necessary to compile a list of existing data and information as much as possible to develop a detailed and practical list of various contamination sources.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.106-112
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• 2011

This study developed preliminary assessment methodology for priority listing of soil and groundwater contamination sources, considering source characteristics, local environments and risk receptors. Source characteristics were evaluated by scoring relative risk of contamination sources. Local environments were evaluated by scoring annual rainfall, hydraulic conductivity of aquifer, and annual groundwater use. Risk receptors were evaluated by scoring local population, direct distance to surface water, direct distance to drinking-water wells. Scores of each parameter were allocated by analysing distribution of parameter values obtained from government databases. Distributed scores of source characteristics local environments: risk receptors were 12 : 12 : 12. The preliminary assessment scored 0 to 36 for each soil and groundwater sources. Inventory of soil and groundwater sources consisted of 7 categories. This study applied the preliminary assessment methodology to Manan-Gu, Anyang City, Korea. The number of car repair and washing facility was the largest in the contamination source inventory. Petroleum storage facilities showed the highest assessment score. The preliminary assessment methodology also indicated that Anyang-Dong was the priority section among Anyang-Dong, Suksu-Dong, Bakdal-Dong. This study is the first trial for relative ranking soil and groundwater contamination sources by considering source and local characteristics. Therefore, further researches and revision of the preliminary assessment methodology need to be pursued for various applications.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.827-830
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• 2008

Enterococcus is a fecal indicator bacterium and often used to indicate fecal contamination in the environment. Carbohydrates fermentation patterns of Enterococcus isolates were investigated as a way to differentiate the source of fecal contamination. Total 1826 Enterococcus isolates were obtained from cows, pigs, chickens, ducks, and humans in two geographically different locations. Distributions of carbohydrate fermentation patterns showed discrepancies among sources. This study suggest that the possibility of the use of Enterococcus in microbial source tracking.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2018

This paper is aimed at source tracking of soil heavy metal contamination at a site established by reusing construction wastes. The soil heavy metal concentration at the study site peaked at a depth range of 5-10 m. Column studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of the contamination scenario of infiltration of stormwater carrying heavy metals of ground origin followed by selective heavy metal accumulation at the 5-10 m depth range. Almost all amount of lead, zinc, cadmium, and nickel introduced to the columns each packed with 0-5 m or 5-10 m field soil were accumulated in the column. The very poor heavy metal mobility in spite of the weak association of the heavy metals with the soil (characterized by a sequential extraction procedure) can be attributed to the high pH (10-11) of the construction wastes. From the results, the heavy metal contamination of the subsurface soil by an external heavy metal source was determined to be very unlikely at the study site. The column study applied in the current study is expected to be a useful methodology to present direct evidence of the contaminant source tracking at soil contamination sites.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

This study was conducted to analyze the priority of environmental problems in Korea by investigating the environmental professionals' perception. The delphi technique was applied to identify their risk perception towards some specific items related with pollution. A standardized questionnaire on environmental problems and their priorities was used to 74 subjects. In the questionnaire, the environmental problems were divided into the general ones,9 items, and the specific ones,30 items. Also, the perception was associated with two points of view which were the risk on general human health or ecosystem, and on the present situation in Korea. The priority of risk from general environmental problems on human health or ecosystem was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution', 'air pollution', 'soil contamination', 'waste', 'toxic chemical pollutants', 'food contamination', 'ocean contamination', 'odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. The priority of risk on the present situation in Korea was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution','air pollution','waste','toxic chemical pollutants','food contamination','soil contamination','ocean contamination','odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. And these priorities were significantly related with the characteristics of respondents such as sex, age, and major concerned area. However, for the first five priorities of risk from the specific environmental problems on human health or ecosystem, the environmental professionals agreed with 'automotive vehicle exhaust', 'domestic and industrial source pollutants to surface water', '$CO_2$nd g1oba1 warming effect','toxic air pollutant' and 'industrial source air pollution'. The priorities of risk on the present situation in Korea were similar to these results.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1272-1281
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• 1990

A numerical study to predict the contamination behavior in a room being contaminated has been performed. The room with one inlet and three exits, which maintained same pressure at the ceiling, has been chosen as test model. Six sets of calculation have been performed, for one, two or three contamination sources of 1*10$^{-4}$ kg$_{c}$/s strength at two different velocities(0.2m/s, 20m/s). Numerical results show that the number the contamination concentration near the first source increased by every 20%-30% of the maximum concentration for each increase of the contamination source.e.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.113-138
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• 2003

With it being inevitable to change the method of supervising as it is reorganized to EEZ coming out of the old concept of contamination in Korean area of the sea, it costs a lot to have good enough systems of total control for sea contamination and prevention of contamination as well as the effective marine superintendence because the governing bodies such as Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, National Maritime Police Agency, and Authorities of Guiding Ships for Fishery, have their own source of laws and different ways to execute. In order to change such a wrong method of marine superintendence, it is necessary to conduct the merger and abolition of similar authorities with similar functions into authorities which are light but can be expected to play a major role, and to open the high-costing low-efficient organizations to make them remodel to be reborn as economical bodies. In addition to that, the maritime authorities, which are falling to incapable organizations not being able to work out any complicated tasks, have to be reborn as preventing bodies which take care of security and public peace and cut off a pollution source from sea and land.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.393-402
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• 2006

The contamination characteristics of BTEX and TPH components in silty soils with the oil leakage event from point source were studied. The over ratios of three soil pollution standard for TPH component were $1.5{\sim}1.7$ times higher than that of BTEX component. The mean and maximum values of BTEX and TPH components with sample points were B-zone > A-zone > C-zone, and the highest concentrations were measured at $1{\sim}2m$ depth below surface. BTEX and TPH components were increased with linear distance in zone within 120 m and 80 m from point source. For the zone more than 120 m, BTEX and TPH concentrations were under soil pollution standard. The cutoff values of indicator kriging using BTEX and TPH components were defined as confirmative limit, warn- ing limit and counterplan limit. The variograms of indicator-transformed data were selected linear model. The contamination ranges of BTEX and TPH components using confirmative limit and warning limit were estimated similar, but the contamination range of those using counterplan limit was much reduced. The maximum contamination probabilities were estimated by probability maps usinB confirmative limit, warning limit and counterplan limit. The maximum contamination probabilities with three soil pollution standard were estimated 26%, 26% and 13% for BTEX component, and 44%, 38% and 26% for TPH component.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.70-86
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• 2003

Despite its usability, TCE has been managed as a hazardous material due to the toxicity and many contamination cases were surveyed in some developed countries. U.S.EPA(Kram et al., 2001) suggested DNAPL characterization methods and approaches based on survey experiences at several sites. However, Korea has not the least assessment of contamination and trial of remediation, although there are a lot of doubtable areas where ground water would be contaminated with TCE. In this study, we try to assess the volume and extent of ground water contamination with TCE and delineate the contamination source zones in an industrial area. Ground water in this area flows through fractures and the contaminant TCE has the properties of high volatility, high density and low partitioning to soil material. Thus, we applied a variety of technical approaches to identify the contamination status; documentary, hydrogeochemical, hydrogeological and geological surveys. In addition, additional survey was performed based on the interim findings, which showed that ground water contamination was limited to the relatively small area with high concentrations to the deep place. The contamination source zone is estimated to be the asphalt test institute where a great deal of TCE has been used to analyze the amount of asphalt soluble in TCE since 1984. Based on the contamination characterization and a myriad of documents about ground water remediation, appropriate site remediation management options will be recommended later. This study is now under way and this paper was focused on describing the technical approaches used to achieve the goals of this study.