• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.310-314
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• 2002

To investigate the effect of on-site bioremediation in soil that have been contaminated by hydrocarbon fuel spills, petroleum-degrading bacteria isolated from soil around petroleum chemical industry and microbial agents were constructed. We investigated biopiles for on-site bioremediation of soil contaminated (5000 mg per kg) with bunker A fuel in five independent lab-scale experiments. Five biopile units constituting the following treatments: (1) control with no nutrients and microbial agents (2) microbial agent M plus nutrients (3) microbial agent C plus nutrients (4) only microbial agent C (5) control with only nutrients. The results were highly different one another. After 30 days in treatments with optimal condition, total petroleum hydrocarbons were reduced to below 10 mg per kg of soil at the biopile units mixed with microbial agents, but control biopile units show that were reduced from 1,105 to 2,588 mg per kg of soil. Our results show that microbial agents at on-site bioremediation of fuel-contaminated soil is highly effective.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

The programmable logic array to match the treatment technology to the soil contaminated site based on the site properties in Korea was developed. Based on the previous technology screening system of FRTR (Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable) in USA, total 9 evaluation factors indicating the site characteristics were used for the technology matching process and 8 factors among them were quantitatively weighed in the order of importance. The class interval for each evaluation factor was linearly distributed to give the weighed score and 8 scores were summed up to prioritize the treatment technology. The optimal treatment technology for a specific site was determined according to the total score acquired from 8 evaluation factors used in this technology matching process. The reliability test for the developed technology matching system was done by using information of two real cleanup sites in Korea, suggesting that this guideline will be available to determine the most effective treatment technology to cleanup the soil contaminated site and also to assist the government or the company to design a successful and cost-effective site cleanup plan in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.417-422
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• 2005

The procedure of investigation and design of the soil contaminated with petroleum was introduced. Soil and water quality analyses were carried out to figure out the type of contaminants and the flume range according to the national regulation. In the investigation, it was verified that the soils in several dispersed locations were contaminated with petroleum. Therefore, in the design process, it was necessary to select a optimal remediation method after making the conception model of the site, and then the treatment method of incineration was selected.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.293-296
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to decide the designing factor for remediaton of the contaminated site. The soil and ground-water samples were analyzed and hydro- geological characteristics was assayed for the survey of pollution level. Also air-permeability test and MPN(most probable number) test were conducted for selecting the designing factor. The contaminants were mainly found in north-west part of the site and were expected to move toward the south. Ex-situ technology was expected more useful than in-situ one with the results of air-permeability test saying that air permeability was relatively low. Additional microbes were expected for remediation efficiency because residual microbes were loosely populated. The choosing of the designing factor was requisite for remediation of contaminated site.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.148-151
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• 2003

Soil washing was applied as a supplementary step of soil remediation at a petroleum oil contaminated site. A soil washing system was designed, assembled, and operated at the site. A field screening method with PetroFlagTM was adopted at the site to find the exact boundary of contaminated area as soil excavation progressed and to verify the concentration of treated soil. The system operation showed the cleanup efficiency of 90% at the compatible cost compared to other methods.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.25 no.2_spc
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• pp.28-54
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• 2020

Even though a systematic sampling approach is very crucial in both the general and detailed investigation phases to produce the best conceptual site model for contaminated sites, the concept is not yet established in South Korea. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the 'Strategic Sampling Approaches Technical guide' in 2018 to help environmental professionals choose which sampling approaches may be needed and most effective for given site conditions. The EPA guide broadly defines strategic sampling as the application of focused data collection across targeted areas of the conceptual site model (CSM) to provide the appropriate amount and type of information needed for decision-making. These strategic sampling approaches can prevent the essential data from missing, minimize the uncertainty of projects and secure the data which are necessary for the important site-decisions. Furthermore, these provide collaborative data sets through the life cycle phases of projects, which can generate more positive proofs on the site-decisions. The strategic sampling approaches can be divided by site conditions. This technical guide categorized it into eight conditions; High-resolution site characterization in unconsolidated environments, High-resolution site characterization in fractured sedimentary rock environments, Incremental sampling, Contaminant source definition, Passive groundwater sampling, Passive sampling for surface water and sediment, Groundwater to surface water interaction, and Vapor intrusion. This commentary paper introduces specific sampling methods based on site conditions when the strategic sampling approaches are applied.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1996

For the purpose of development of bioremediation technology for soil contaminated by chlorinated phenols, this study was focused on the isolation and characterization of bacteria capable of degrading chlorinated phenols, the establishment of analytical methods for chlorinated phenols, and the investigation of the contaminated sites. One site near the Incheon Industrial Complex was identified as a pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated spot. The soil brought from the PCP-contaminated site contained 10-100$mu\textrm{g}$/g wet soil of PCP. Many bacterial strains capable of growing on a minimal medium containing PCP were isolated from 15 soil samples collected throughout the land, and among them, 10 active isolates were finally selected for the further studies on the biodegradability and for the use in in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil. These isolates showed species-specific pattern in PCP-decrease and cell growth in a minimal medium containing 500-1,000mg/ιPCP. Strain Bul degraded 90% of PCP at 216 hrs after incubation. Expecially, strain Bu34 was capable of degrading 4,000mg/ι PCP and was identified as Pseudomonas putida Bu34. It is seemed that the isolated active bacteria could be effectively used for the bioremediation of PCP-contaminated sites.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.24-33
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• 2010

This study focused on the groundwater quality, biodegradability and attenuation rate at the petroleum contaminated sites of Kangwon and Gyeonggi Provinces, Korea. For groundwater quality, Kangwon site showed chemical compositions of $Ca-SO_4+Cl$, $Ca-HCO_3$ and $Na+K-HCO_3$ types, while Gyeonggi site showed chemical compositions of $Ca-SO_4$, $Ca-HCO_3$ and $Na-HCO_3$ types. $Na+K-HCO_3$ and $Na-HCO_3$ types were detected only in February. Among many biodegradation processes, the majority was attributed to biodegradation from denitrification in both area. In Kangwon site, biodegradation from denitrification occupied 63.5%, and in Gyeonggi site it was 39.45%. Biodegradation from the most efficient aerobic respiration occupied 7.12% in Kangwon site, while Gyeonggi site in it did 27.29%. Point attenuation rate of BTEX in Gyeonggi site (GW-22) was 0.0182 $day^{-1}$, half life of BTEX was 84 days, and thus 124 days (0.34 year) would be required to clean up this site. Mean of point attenuation rate of TPH in Kangwon site was 0.0088 $day^{-1}$, mean of half life was 257 days, and thus 462 days would be required to clean up the site. Mean of point attenuation rate of TPH in Gyeonggi site was 0.0387 $day^{-1}$, mean of half life was 55 days, and thus remediation time was calculated as 99 days.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.81-85
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• 1998

In the present study, the design method of containment walls is proposed by utilizing an existing site. The selected remedy for the Source Area of Operable Unit 2 at Hill Air Force Base stipulated containment of the pure-phase trichloroethylene contamination. The in-place-mixed wall construction was selected because of the irregular topography, small area of the site, and the requirement to reach depths of greater than 90 feet below ground surface. Bench-scale compatibility studies were performed for the containment wall mix design on three commercial bentonite clays. The samples were subject to screening tests and long-term tests for evaluation of changed soil properties when exposed to the contaminated groundwater.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.07c
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• pp.1893-1896
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• 2002

Remediation Selection Expert System (RSES) is a rule-based expert system which is used far the selection of remediation techniques fur petroleum contaminated sites. In this paper, we describe a fuzzy logic-based sub-system: Site Characterization Sub-System (SCSS). It is an enhancement of the RSES, which is used to analyze the hydraulic properties of contaminated sites. This paper focuses on an explanation on how to apply fuzzy set theory for identification of soil types and hydraulic properties of a contaminated site. To illustrate application of fuzzy set theory to the problem, two sample cases are presented in detail.