• Computers and Concrete
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2018

This paper investigated the influence of binary and ternary blends of mineral admixtures in self-compacted mortar (SCM) on the fresh, mechanical and durability properties. For this purpose, 25 mortar mixtures were prepared having a total binder content of $640kg/cm^3$ and water/binder ratio between 0.41 and 0.50. All the mixtures consisted of Portland cement (PC), fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) as binary and ternary blends and air-entrained admixture wasn't used while control mixture contained only PC. The compressive and tensile strength tests were conducted for 28 and 91 days as well as slump-flow and V-funnel time tests whilst freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance and capillary water absorption tests were made for 91-day. Finally, in general, the use of SF with FA as ternary blends improved the tensile strength of mortars at 28- and 91-day while the use of SF15 with FA increased the compressive strength of the mortars compared to binary blends of FA. SCM mixtures with ternary blends had lower the sorptivity values than that of the mortars with binary blends of FA and the control mixture due to the beneficial properties of SF while the use of FA with SF as ternary blends induced the F-T resistance enhancement.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.50-58
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• 2005

It is generally known that paper industry is the second largest industry in the use of process water, and also have the highest environmental impact load in the contaminant sources. Paper is produced from the mixtures composed of 1% fibrous raw materials and 99% water. The optimum use of process water effects on the quality properties of paper and the environmental impact load of waste water treatment. In this research, the kinds of fibrous raw material & additives used in the paperboard production line were investigated, and the quantification of environmental loads and the environmental effects of process water on COD potential were evaluated. The NBDCODs were also analyzed from process water by the method of waste water treatment in paper mill and applied for the optimum use of recycling water, and zero effluent process. In the fibrous raw materials, KOCC caused the highest COD potentials, and sack paper & UKP was comparatively low. The NBDCOD of KOCC largely reduced after biological treatment because of easily biodegradable properties, but AOCC contained non-biodegradable materials. In chemical additives, COD was high in turns of rosin>starch>deaeration agent>dye, NBDCOD greatly reduced in starch and deaeration agent. In the case of 2 kinds of paperboard product, the COD potentials was mainly high in starch, AOCC and KOCC.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.336-346
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• 2017

Objectives: To characterize the usage patterns of new types of tobacco products (NTTPs) to develop effective strategies for the regulation of NTTPs in Korea. Methods: We conducted focus group interviews to identify the NTTP usage patterns of research subjects. The NTTPs were limited to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), waterpipe tobacco, and rolling tobacco. We categorized 30 research subjects into 4 groups. The ecigarette group was divided into adult and adolescent groups. Each group contained 7-8 subjects. An interview lasting approximately 2 hours was conducted with each group. Results: Ninety percent of NTTP users used an NTTP in combination with conventional cigarettes. Subjects mostly bought NTTPs online, unlike how they bought cigarettes. Additionally, a great deal of information, such as how to use NTTPs and descriptions of NTTP products, was exchanged through online or offline societies. The primary reason why the subjects used NTTPs was that NTTPs offer a greater range of flavors and aromas than cigarettes. Moreover, NTTPs were felt to be less repulsive than cigarettes. NTTPs were not used as a cigarette substitute; rather, they were mostly used in places and situations where traditional cigarette smoking was not allowed. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the government should conduct studies on the effects of the combined use of NTTPs and cigarettes on the human body, obtain and provide accurate data regarding NTTP use, and develop and implement polices to ban NTTP advertising, which may arouse adolescents' curiosity, and the addition of flavoring substances to tobacco products.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 1995

Dongrae is one of the most famous hot spring resort area in the Republic of Korea. The water temperature ranges $50^{\circ}C{\sim}66$. The chemical composition of the thermal water is quite different from normal groundwater. $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ are the main components, measured more than 75%, $Ca^{+{+}}$ is contained about 22% and the other ions such as $SO_4$ or $HCO_3$ are the minor components. The heat source is uprising along the fracture zone of granite which is indicated as a subsurface high temperature belt. During the research period of 1991~1992, the groundwater table was lowered down to the depth of about 100 m according to continuous increase of daily use of thermal water. The groundwater table was fluctuated with an amplitude of day, weak or seasion. The groundwater table was the lowest at 18:00 h in a day and also lowest at the weekend for the week period. There was a relavent relationship between drawdown and the amount of thermal water use on a long term base. To protect such a rapid drawdown of groundwater table, Dongrae resort area is now asked to take strong municipal control for the daily use of thermal water.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 2008

This study is to present Chinese character notation for common use through investigation of examples and graphonomy related literature with beam and purlin of wooden members and its conclusions are as follows. It suggests two commonly used Chinese characters of beam and purlin. The first method of indicating them is Riyang(樑) for beam and Hang(桁) for purlin and the second method is Bo(保) for beam and Hang(桁) for purlin. Riyang(樑) as the first method was already used in the Joseon period and was profitable to convey limited meaning as wooden term compared to Riyang(樑) with wider meaning and Bo(保) as the second method contained logical association and hieroglyphic connection of Bo(保) as the Korean character. Hang(桁) for purl in was presented by both the first and second methods and it was already used in the Koryeo age, also commonly used as the term of purlin in China and Japan and it was also presented as letter containing logical and hieroglyphic connection with Hyeng(行).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1525-1534
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the use of outcome-based observations within Assured Dairy Farm scheme (ADF), Soil Association Organic Standards (SA), and cross compliance (CC) farm assessment reports. Methods: A total of 449 ADF reports, 37 SA reports and 26 CC reports were analyzed and their objective comments categorized as either resource-based or outcome-based. Results: A mean of 61.0% of ADF questions were responded to with comments, in comparison to 25.0% of SA and, 21.0% of CC report questions. The SA and CC reports had significantly more outcome-based comments than the ADF (p<0.001). The assessors' tendency of choosing resource-based approach was revealed in the questionnaire results. Conclusion: Generally, the comments were comprehensive and contained professional judgements. Large numbers of comments provided in the ADF reports were mostly compliant and resource-based evidence, which serves as proof of assessment rather than aiding the certifying process. The inclusion of specific welfare outcome measures in the SA inspection likely increased the use of outcome-based comments in the reports, irrespective of whether the farm achieved compliance with a given standards. The CC scheme, on the other hand, focused on providing outcome-based evidence to justify noncompliant decisions.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.297-307
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• 2021

Although there are several studies on the impact of pesticides use, there is no consistent conclusion about such evidence on capturing the socioeconomic independence. The propose of this paper is to investigate the economy-wide impact of pesticide use in Thailand. The research data and methodology in this paper are depended on a social accounting matrix framework incorporating the pesticide-related illness as an additional sector, following Resosudarmo and Thorbecke (1998), to explain the impact of the pesticides on the related agricultural sector, food sector, and the social welfare of different households. Thus, the main characteristics of the Thai economy can be comprehensively described by providing information contained in this framework. In this respect, the several data sets are constructed to include the economic and social structure interdependencies, which are necessary to analyze the policy implications, especially industrial policy. The results were analyzed according to the general equilibrium theory and the Leontief multiplier matrix. It reveals that the food industry and the economy are significantly affected by the pesticides. One of the most interesting findings of this paper suggest that the food sector needs to determine its output to avoid bottleneck situations and create equality across the food production system.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.347-354
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• 2013

Recently, crushed fine aggregates are being widely used due to the shortage of natural sand. In Korea, the amount of fine particles under 0.08 mm contained in crushed fine aggregates is restricted to be less than 7%, which is similar to the regulations of ASTM but is still very strict compared to the regulations of the other nations. In addition, the crushed aggregates already have in them about 20% of fine particles under 0.08 mm which occurs while they are crushed. The fine particles are not easy to wash out, and also to maximize the use of resources it is deemed necessary to review the possibility of enhancing the limit of the amount of fine particles. Therefore, this study conducted experiments to analyze the characteristics of fine particles under 0.08mm and their influence on the properties of concrete. Experiments using silt and cohesive soil were also done for comparison. In the experiments on fine particles, the methylene blue value was more in the soil dust contained in silt and cohesive soil than in the stone powder contained in crushed fine aggregates. Also, the methylene blue value had a close correlation with packing density and liquid & plastic limit. In the experiments done with concrete, the quantity of high range water reducing agent demanded to obtain the same slump increased as the fine particle substitution rate heightened. However, in the experiment which used stone powder testing the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete in the same water-cement ratio, there was little change in strength with less than 20% addition of fine particles among the fine aggregates, and no meaningful difference in the amount of drying shrinkage of concrete.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.702-709
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• 2020

Objectives: Hand sanitizer is made with ethyl alcohol as the main ingredient. Problems related to the use of hand sanitizers and cases of harm caused by the use of hand sanitizers are occurring. This study investigated the usage behavior and recognition level of people using hand sanitizer and identified the chemical components listed in the component label of hand sanitizer. In addition, the methanol and isopropanol contained in hand sanitizer were quantified using HS-GC-MSD. Methods: The investigation of the behavior and recognition of hand sanitizer usage was conducted through a survey of 143 college students and adults. The components marked on 34 types of hand sanitizers were investigated, and methanol and isopropanol concentrations were analyzed using the HS-GC-MSD method. Results: According to the survey, 57% of respondents use hand sanitizers two to three times per day, 92.3% of them do so when in public places and 41.3% of them do so at home. Ethanol, purified water, carbomer, glycerin, and triethanolamine were the ingredients listed in the hand sanitizer. Among the 34 samples, methanol and isopropyl alcohol were detected in 33 samples, the concentration range for methanol was ND-567 ppm, and the concentration range of isopropyl alcohol was ND-2121 ppm. Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that hand sanitizers are being used constantly every day, and methanol, which is not included in the marked content, was detected in a significant concentration compared to wet tissue. It has been found that maintenance of hand sanitizer manufacturing standards and training on how to use them are needed.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2014

We analyzed saccharide by dividing and comparing Monosaccharide, Disaccharide and sugar Alcohol. At first, Glucose had outstanding contained quantity of ASI 7114 with 81.11 g/l even comparing with other mushrooms for medical use and edibility. And 119.98 g/l of Fructose was observed at Hericium erinaceum that was more contained quantity than Flammulina velutipes and Lentinus edodes. But, the most contained quantity observed in Ganoderma lucidum was ASI 7015 with 15.70 g/l that was the level of 1/8 approximately against Hericium erinaceum. Ribose was found at low level generally that was hardly contained. Xylose was also observed low level. ASI 7004 was detected at 0.96g/l that was the most content with imperceptible difference by comparing with other mushrooms for medical use and edibility. Next, 35.21 g/l of Trehalose, disaccharide was observed at Agaricus bisporus that was around 11 times of content than ASI 3.09 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. For ${\alpha}$-Lactose, Sparassis crispa has the most amount of 3.38 g/l that was around 12.5 times of ASI 7060 0.27 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. For Glycerol, sugar alcohol, 64.74 g/l was observed at Pleurotus eryngii. We knew it was around 8 times of ASI 7004 8.61 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. 0.72 g/l of Solbitol was observed at Flammulina velutipes. We knew it was around 2times of ASI 7003 0.31 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. Moreover most of Ganoderma lucidum didn't contain Solbitol. 2.96 g/l of Mannitol was observed at Agaricus bisporus. that was the most content among other mushrooms. Also Mannitol was contained in Lentinus edodes and leurotus cornucopiae only. Even Ganoderma lucidum didn't have Mannitol. At last, as a result of myo-Inosito content analysis, it was seemed not to be involved in any of mushrooms.