• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.485-494
• /
• 2003

In order to investigate the ramyeon intake patterns, food value recognition, and their effects on blood pressure and blood lipid levels, a total of 385 male students aged 13- 15 years living in rural area were sampled randomly, and they were surveyed using questionnaire. Blood pressure and fasting serum lipids levels of 123 subjects selected among the total were determined. Of the total subjects 80.3％ either liked or liked very much ramyeon and 42.2％ of them were eating ramyeon from 1 to 2 times a week,21.1％ 5-6 times a week, while 11.7％ more than once a day, and 13.1％ less than once a month. They took ramyeon from one (56.8％) to two (25.4％) packs each time. Two-third of subjects consumed entire ramyeon soup or more than half of it. Mostly they added egg or onion to ramyeon and took along with kimchi, cooked rice, danmuji, or dried laver. The food value recognition score about ramyeon was 41.33 out of 100 full grade. Comparing to underweight or normal weight subjects, overweight students tended to take ramyeon more frequently when playing with friends and tended to consume less soup of ramyeon. There was a significant negative correlation between ramyeon intake frequencies and HDL-cholesterol levels (r = -.223 p < .05). Moreover, among the normal body weight students (n = 72) adjusted with relative weight, ramyeon intake frequencies showed not only a significant negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol level (r = -.244 p < .05), but also significant positive correlations with atherogenic index (r : .249 p < .05) and systolic blood pressure (r : .259 p < .05) . These results suggested that frequent intake of ramyeon with limited sidedishes as a whole meal might have negative influences on blood pressure and serum lipid levels. Nutrition education is needed to have correct food value recognition and proper consumption of ramyeon along with the balanced diet. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 485-494, 2003)

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.254-260
• /
• 2012

This study surveyed dietary intake and adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines in Korean adolescents. To elucidate basic data for use in nutrition education, which aims to improve adolescent compliance with the national dietary guidelines and to increase the intake of dietary fiber, we evaluated the sources of fiber in adolescent diets. This study included 182 male and 212 female students from 2 middle schools in the Jeonju province. From November 15~20, 2011, we surveyed the students for general characteristics, adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines, and dietary intake. Dietary fiber intake was $16.57{\pm}6.95$ g/day for male students and $16.14{\pm}7.11$ g/day for female students. The food groups that contributed most to dietary fiber intake were (in descending order) cereals, vegetables, seasoning, and fruits. The fiber-containing food items consumed most were cabbagekimchi, cooked rice, instant noodles, and cabbage. Based on adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines, the vegetable-based intake of dietary fiber in groups 1 (score 15~45), 2 (score 46~52), and 3 (score 53~75) were $4.41{\pm}2.595$ g/day, $4.12{\pm}2.692$ g/day, and $5.49{\pm}3.157$ g/day, respectively (p 0.001). In addition, the total intake of dietary fiber varied significantly among the three groups (p 0.001) as follows: Group 1, $14.99{\pm}6.374$ g/day; Group 2, $15.32{\pm}6.772$ g/day; and Group 3, $18.79{\pm}7.361$ g/day. In this study, we discovered that adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines correlates with improved intake of dietary fiber. Therefore, marketing and educational development is needed to promote adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines. In addition, nutritional education is needed to improve dietary fiber consumption through the intake of vegetables and fruits other than kimchi.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the frequency of use, knowledge, purchasing, and degree of perception of processed soybean by residents in the Kwangwon area of Korea. The frequency of use of soybean curd was once per 4∼6 days(37.9％), once per 2∼3 days(31.9％), once per ten days(25.3％) and everyday(4.9％). The degrees of knowledge about soybean curd were a little(56.0％), interest(16.5％), much(14.8％) and no interest(12.7％). 73.9％ of respondents had no experience of preparation soybean curd. The frequency of places for the intake of soybean curd were home(83.5％), restaurant(8.8％), tofu restaurant(5.6％) and the others(2.1％). The frequency of places for purchasing of soybean curd were supermarket(59.5％), market(25.0％), the others(9.9％) and department store(5.6％). The degrees of perception of soybean curd types were soybean curd(100％), uncurdled soybean curd(93.7％), soft soybean curd(64.7％), bun soybean curd(15.7％) and seaweed soybean curd(5.2％). The experience on the use of processed soybean of the respondents was highest for soybean curd(98.6％), followed by bean sprouts, soybean paste, soy sauce, soybean oil, soy flour, residue of soybean curd, soy milk, in that order. The most frequent intake experiences of soybean processed products of the subjects were beanpaste pot stew(96.8％), followed by tofu pot stew, tofu and kimchi pot stew, uncurdled bean curd pot stew, bean mixed rice, grilled tofu, in that order.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보통신학회 2013년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.849-852
• /
• 2013

최근 발효식품이 건강식으로 대두되면서 발효식품에 대한 사람들의 관심이 증가되고 있다. 발효식품의 맛, 건강 기능성 및 저장성 등에 영향을 주는 요소들은 발효 재료, 온도, 습도 pH 등이 있으며, 숙성도를 나타내는 지표는 여러 가지가 있으며 그 중에서 pH 변화에 대한 모델 식은 아직 정립이 되지 않았다. 또한 식품 관리자나 소비자 입장에서는 발효 식품에 대한 숙성도 및 품질 상태를 알 수 있다면 발효 식품의 신뢰성이 높아지고 소비성도 높아질 것이다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 발효 식품의 pH를 측정하여 회귀방정식을 이용하여 모델식을 구하여 발효 식품의 숙성도를 구하는데 플랫폼을 제공한다. 제안된 모델 식의 유용성을 확인하기 위해서 대표적인 발효식품 중 하나인 김치와 막걸리를 사용한 실험을 실시하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제33권8호
• /
• pp.882-889
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to examine contribution of specific foods to absolute intake and between-person variation in nutrients consumed by 2037 adults living in Korean rural area using one day 24-hour recall method. To measure contribution of food to absolute nutrient intake, all foods consumed were ranked by percentages calculated as the sum of the nutrient intake contributed by a given food divided by the total nutrient intake from al categories. To assess between-person variability in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regression analysis was used with total nutrient intake from al foods as the dependent variable and the nutrient amount from each of all foods as independent variables. The kind and the number of foods necessary to account for the variation in nutrient intake among persons varied significantly depending on the nutrient. The nutrients contributing more than 80% of total intake with a few number of food items were ${\beta}$-carotene(ll), vitamin C(15) and vitamin A(16). Foods sometimes overlooked as important sources were found in some instances to be quantitatively important to population intake. Even though rice and Korean cabbage kimchi do not contain much nutrients in quantity, they made a major contribution to most nutrient intake of subjects because of large serving size and high frequency of intake. The food items and contributing order for between person variance was different from those of absolute intake. A large fraction of the variability of nutrient intake in this population was explained by a small number of foods. Fewer foods were required to explain a given proportion of the between-person variance in intake than to account for the same proportion of the popylation\`s total intake. These data may be useful in the development of dietary assessment instrument and in nutrition education. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 882-889, 2000)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.473-487
• /
• 2011

We attempted to define the sources of sodium intake for the Korean population at prepared dish level to provide a basis for developing sustainable nutrition policies and feasible programs for sodium intake reduction. Dietary intake data from 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used in the analysis for sodium intake sources. Sodium intake from individual dish consumed by each subject was calculated and used in delineating major sodium sources at dish and dish group level for sub-populations of different sex and age. Also, sodium intake was compared between eaters and non-eaters of some specific dish groups with considerable contribution to total sodium intake. The number of subjects included in the analysis was 18,022 and mean sodium intake was 4,600 mg/capita/day. Major sources of sodium intake at dish group level were in the following order: kimchi (1125 mg, 24.5%), noodles (572 mg, 12.4%), soups (488 mg, 10.6%), stews (399 mg, 8.7%), and cooked rice (284 mg, 6.2%). The magnitude of contribution to total sodium intake by soups and stews was different by age group. Sodium intake difference between eaters and non-eaters was much larger for kimchi group (2,343 mg for male, 1,452 mg for female) than for soups or stews. Interaction between consumption of aforementioned specific dish groups and age was highly significant (p < 0.0005) for both sexes. This study revealed an importance of having not only the control over sodium content of foods/dishes, but also the customized approach for different groups of population to accomplish an appreciable reduction in sodium intake.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.251-262
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 식품섭취량 데이터를 활용하여, 한국인의 식습관을 분석하고 관리방향을 제안하였다. 국민건강영양조사의 원시자료를 활용하고, 국내 대표적 식품 분류체계인 식품공전을 반영해서 품목수 839개(세부품목수 1,419개)를 대상으로 실시하였다. 일일 총 식품섭취량은 1,585.77 g/day이고, 그 중 원재료식품은 858.96 g/day(54.2%), 가공식품은 726.81 g/day(45.8%)로 산출되었다. 식품군별 식품섭취량은, 곡류가 가장 높은 비율을 차지했고, 식품섭취량 상위15위 식품군 중 90% 이상의 대상자가 섭취하는 목록으로는 곡류(99.06%), 근채류(95.80%)로 나타났다. 품목별 분석에 의하면 주요 다소비(일일식품섭취량 1%이상 섭취, 158.6 g/day) 및 다빈도(일일평균 국민 25% 이상 섭취, 5,168명)품목은 쌀, 배추김치, 사과, 무, 달걀, 고추, 양파, 밀, 두부, 감자, 오이, 돼지고기로 산출되었다. 섭취빈도 중심의 상위순위 목록은 주로 한식양념 재료들이 포함되었다. 김치류는 배추김치(64.89 g/day)의 섭취량 비율이 67%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 주류의 경우 섭취량 및 섭취빈도 모두 상위 5위 안에 포함되어 있으며, 세부적인 섭취량은 맥주(63.53 g/day), 소주(39.11 g/day), 막걸리(19.70 g/day) 순으로 높았고, 섭취빈도는 소주(11.3%), 맥주(7.2%), 청주(6.6%)순으로 높게 산출되었다. 2010년부터 2015년도 식품섭취량 추이에서 곡류는 꾸준하게 감소하고, 음료류는 다소 증가하는 추세였다. 주류의 섭취빈도에서는 일부 종류인 막걸리, 와인, 청주, 복분자주에서 년도별로 감소하는 경향이었고, 김치류도 감소하는 추세였다. 식품 섭취패턴은 체내노출과 직접적인 영향이 있으며, 식품섭취량이 높은 식품과 섭취빈도가 높은 식품 모두 관리가 중요하지만, 우리나라 섭취 특성을 고려하여 국내에 적합한 안전관리 방안 마련이 필요하다. 식품 섭취로 인한 유해오염물질의 노출량 관리를 위해서 다소비 식품은 섭취용량과 관련이 높으므로 식품의 오염도 관리 중심으로 다빈도 식품은 섭취기간과 관련이 높으므로 섭취시 장기노출로 인한 체내축적 중심으로 접근하는 것을 권장한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.475-487
• /
• 2018

Objectives: This study examined the consumption of Han-sik and its association with the years of residence in Korea and the socioeconomic status among Filipino immigrant women of the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL). Methods: A total of 474 Filipino women married to Korean men were included in the analysis. Their dietary intake was assessed using a single-day 24-hour recall. The participants provided information on the demographics, socioeconomic, and health-related factors through face-to-face interviews. The generalized linear model and logistic regression model were used to examine the association between the socioeconomic status and consumption of Han-sik. Results: The mean age of the participants was 34.3 years old, and the average duration of residence in Korea was 8.2 years. Among 474 Filipino women, a total of 467 consumed Han-sik, with an average of 6.8 food items per day. The Han-sik foods that the participants consumed most frequently were rice, cabbage kimchi, mixed-grain rice, and fried eggs. The average ratio of Han-sik was 58.57%. The ratio of Han-sik showed no significant associations with the years of residence, years of living together with their husband, education levels, total annual family income, or linguistic competence of Korean. However, the ratio of Han-sik use was associated with cohabitation with parents-in-law; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 2.41 (1.18-4.92, p-trend = 0.002) comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile of the Han-sik ratio. Conclusions: Filipino immigrant women in the FiLWHEL study consumed a larger number of Han-sik than Philippine foods. In addition, cohabitation with their parents-in-law was associated with the consumption of Han-sik. Further epidemiologic studies will be needed to determine how the diet affects the health and wellbeing of immigrant women in Korea.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제7권5호
• /
• pp.675-685
• /
• 2002

A study was performed to develop as a screening tool, the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for screening Overweight Dietary Patterns in people in their 20's. We used the data from the 20 to 29 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys: the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as part of the National Health and Nutrition Survey of 1998. The 1,493 adults were classified into two body fatness groups, that of normal (including the underweight) , and the overweight (including the obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW). When comparing general variables between the two groups, significant differences (11 variables) were found in gender, sadness/depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, presently a smoker, everyday smoking habits, number of alcoholic drinks in the past month, and the number of alcoholic drinks when dunk, as well as snacking frequency and fatty food consumption. There were significant differences between the two groups in the three variables of daily soup/kuk, pan fried fish/meat/poultry and cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid in terms of cooked food intake, and 11 variables of food size, cooked rice, stews, vegetables and kimchi at breakfast, panfried foods and beverage/teas at lunch, cooked rice and stews (liquid) at dinner, cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid at snacks and cooked fishpaste/ham/dried squid at snack between lunch and dinner. In terms of raw food intake, we observed significant differences (8 variables) in daily food intake and grains, grains/vegetables/fishes (shellfish) at breakfast, meat at lunch and milt at snack after dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis using 34 variables, including these 33, plus eating-out frequency, we chose 10 questions for the simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight category, in order to give each one point each. Among them we assigned an additional point to one question and two points to another question. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the questionnaire developed, were 5.97 $\pm$ 2.36 and 7.36 $\pm$ 2.21, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 49.3%,75.4% and 68.8%, respectively. The total score categorized as an overweight dietary pattern was 30.2%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제42권7호
• /
• pp.650-663
• /
• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 집단 영양평가시 급식시설에서 제공하는 표준레시피의 자료로 단순히 영양분석하여 평가할 경우 1인 배식량과 섭취량이 서로 달라 정확한 영양평가를 할 수 없다는 점을 입증하고 정확한 영양분석을 위한 새로운 접근방법을 제시함과 동시에 노인복지시설에서 제공되는 1끼 식사의 영양 평가를 통해 노인급식 영양관리의 문제점을 파악하고 개선안을 도출하는데 있다. 서울 지역 3개노인복지회관을 선정한 후 표준레시피로 실험조리를 통해 메뉴별 조리중량변화계수를 산출하고, 개별 잔반계측방법으로 실제 제공된 양과 노인들이 섭취한 양을 조사하여 영양평가를 내렸다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 조사대상자는 65세 이상 75세 미만이 51명, 75세 이상이 49명이었으며, 평균 신장은 남자 165.6 cm, 여자154.8 cm, 평균 몸무게는 남자 62.9 kg, 여자 57.1 kg이었다. BMI는 정상 체중군에 포함되는 남자는 42.6%, 여자는 43.4%로 나타났고, 남자의 38.3%, 여자의 43.4%가 거동이 불편한 것으로 조사되었다. 2) 단체급식소에서 사용하는 표준레시피의 1인 분량과 배식량간에 차이가 있고, 실제 섭취량과는 더 큰 차이가 있었다. 그러므로 영양평가시 단순히 식단의 표준레시피를 근거로 수행할 경우 실제 섭취량과 다르기 때문에 큰 오차가 발생할 수 있었다. 이를 해결하기 위해 영양사는 실험조리를 통해 표준레시피의 1인 분량과 실제 1인 분량을 동일하게 관리하는 것이 필요하였다. 음식별 조리중량변화계수는 조리방법, 식재료의 특성에 따라 차이가 있지만, 밥 2.4, 육류 찜, 조림, 볶음류 0.6~0.7, 브로컬리초무침 1.25를 보였고, 미역국과 같이 말린 재료를 불려 만든 맑은 국은 12.5, 동태찌개 1.58, 오징어국 2.60으로 나타났다. 따라서 표준레시피에 의거한 1인 분량은 밥류 237~343 g, 국류 284~375 g, 육류 찬 89.4~95.9 g, 야채찬 55~128.7 g, 김치 40 g이었고, 실제 제공하는 평균 배식량은 밥 239.08 g, 국 283.29 g, 육류찬 88.09 g, 야채찬 45.83 g, 김치 38.41 g이며, 노인의 실제 섭취량은 밥 235.97 g, 국 248.53 g, 육류찬 72.8 g, 야채찬 39.8 g, 김치 28.36 g으로 조사되었다. 메뉴군 별로는 밥류 (98.7%)의 섭취율이 가장 높았고, 다음으로 국 (87.7%), 야채찬 (87.0%), 육류찬 (82.7%), 김치 (73.8%) 순의 섭취율을 보였다. 노인들이 섭취하는 양은 밥을 제외하고 급식소 별로 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다 (p < 0.01). 3) 에너지 및 영양소의 실제 섭취 영양을 일반사항에 따라 비교한 결과, 성별에 따라, 지방, 철, 아연, 리보플라빈의 섭취에 유의적인 차이가 나타났고, 연령에 따라서는 75세 이상의 집단보다 65세 이상 75세 미만의 집단에서 비타민 A와 엽산을 유의적으로 더 많이 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. BMI에 따라서는 섭취영양에 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 거동 불편여부에 따라서는 단백질, 지방, 칼슘, 인, 나트륨, 비타민 A, 비타민 B6, 나이아신, 비타민 C, 엽산섭취에 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 5) 영양소 적정섭취비율과 질적지수 평가에서 노인급식시설의 점심식사는 철, 칼슘, 리보플라빈이 1 미만으로 낮게 섭취되는 것으로 나타나 개선이 요구되었다. 그러나 단백질 (1.96), 비타민 B6 (1.83), 인 (1.76), 아연 (1.34), 티아민 (1.17), 비타민 C (1.08), 비타민 A (1.06)의 적정 섭취비율은 1 이상으로 나타났다. 그러므로 노인급식을 위한 영양 계획 시 이러한 문제가 되는 영양소들을 공급할 수 있는 식품에 대한 고려가 필요하였다. 또한 복지시설 급식소별로 식사의 질에 대한 평가에 유의적인 차이가 있는 것으로 나타나 노인복지시설에 영양관리 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 영양사의 배치할 수 있도록 정부차원의 지원이 필요하였다. 6) 노인들의 실제 영양섭취 평가 결과, 65세 이상 75세 미만의 집단에서 칼슘을 부족 섭취하는 비율은 남녀 모두 100%였고, 비타민 A는 남자 17.4%, 여자 10.7%, 리보플라빈은 남자 34.8%, 여자 35.7%, 비타민 B6는 남자 4.3%, 여자 14.3%가 부족하게 섭취하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 65세 이상 75세 미만의 집단에서 티아민 (10.7%), 나이아신 (7.1%), 비타민 C (10.7%)는 여자에게서만 부족 섭취가 나타났다. 75세 이상의 집단에서는 여자에게서만 단백질이 4.0%부족한 것으로 나타났고, 칼슘은 부족 섭취하는 비율이 남녀 모두 100%였다. 이상의 결과에서 노인 복지시설에 영양사를 배치하여 영양상담과 급식서비스를 원할히 제공함은 물론이고, 보다 정확한 영양평가를 위하여 표준레시피 량과 실제 배식량 간에 차이를 줄일 수 있도록, 실험조리를 통해 표준레시피에 따른 1인 분량 설정과 조리중량변화계수의 산출과 기록관리가 필요하였다. 더 나아가 잔식량 측정을 병행하여 배식량과 섭취량간의 차이를 지속적으로 모니터링하는 노력이 필요하였다. 본 연구에서 채택한 조리변환계수, 잔식률, 섭취율을 이용하여 영양평가 하는 방법은 정확한 영양진단 방법론으로 활용될 수 있으며, 특히 조리중량계수는 조리후 완성된 음식물의 량을 예측하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.