• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.560-569
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a text processing method for Hindi characters, Devanagari scripts, in the Android. The key points of the text processing are to device automata, which define the combining rules of alphabets into a set of syllables, and to implement a font rendering engine, which retrieves and displays the glyph images corresponding to specific characters. In general, an automaton depends on the type and the number of characters. For the soft-keyboard, we designed the automata with 14 consonants and 34 vowels based on Unicode. Finally, a combined syllable is converted into a glyph index using the mapping table, used as a handle to load its glyph image. According to the multi-lingual framework of Freetype font engine, Dvanagari scripts can be supported in the system level by appending the implementation of our method to the font engine as the Hindi module. The proposed method is verified through a simple message system.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.815-822
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• 2015

By the growing of SMS phishing victims, applications for processing spam messages are being released in succession. However most spam messages that cleverly modified the content like separating the consonants and vowels are fail to be filtered. In this paper, we implemented an application 'AntiSpam' which is able to identify spam strings in the text message to solve this problem. 'AntiSpam' searches spam strings in the text message by using set-based POI search algorithm, and then calculate the possibility of whether it is spam or not in accordance with the search results. In addition, it catches skillfully disguised spam messages in order to avoid missing the spam filtering. Users, who received a message, can check the result in spam message possibility decision result and the contents of the message and they can choose how to handling the message.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.341-350
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• 2022

In this paper, we propseded the Youngwoo keyboard to help the communication disorders experienced by patients with dysarthria. Existing methods for communication by patients with dysarthria include a letter board with consonants and vowels, a mouse using eye tracking, and communication assistance applications. However, there was a delay of more than 5 minutes per sentence, so there were many difficulties in communication. However, unlike the existing method, the proposed method has been improved so that the patient with dysarthria can communicate by completing the sentences with eye movements. In the conclusion and future work of this paper, the educational use value for Yeongwoo keyboard was analyzed, and it was shown that this training can be of great help to families with ALS patients. The proposed keyboard will be able to improve the difficulties of families by facilitating communication of patients with dysarthria.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.241-250
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• 2006

Hangeul as the Korean unique characters were invented according to some character-making principles and based on scholars' exhaustive researches. While most of the characters in the world evolved naturally, Hangeul was invented based on a precise linguistic analysis of the time, and therefore, it is most scientific and reasonable among various characters throughout the world. Nevertheless, Hangeul typeface designs do not seem to inherit the ideology of scientific and reasonable Hangeul correctly. For the square forms have been used intact due to the influences from the Chinese characters which prevailed during the time. If a single set of square characters should be designed, as much as 11,172 fonts should be designed, which suggests that advantages of Mangeul may not well be used fully; Hangeul was invented to visualize every sound with the combinations of 28 vowels and consonants. Problems of such square fonts began to be identified since 1900's when typewriters were introduced first from the West. Since a typewriter is designed with 28 characters laid out on its keyboard by using such combinations, the letters may be easily combined on it. The so-called the flexibility square-format typeface was born as such. Specially, the three-pairs fonts of these can be combined up to 67 letters including vowels and consonants. The three-pairs fonts system can help to solve the problems arising form the conventional square fonts and inherit the original ideology of Hangeul invention. This study aims to review the history of the three-pairs fonts designs facilitated by mechanic encoding of Hangeul and thereupon, suggest some desirable directions for future Hangeul fonts. Since the flexibility square-format typeface is expected to evolve more and more owing to development of the digital technology, they would serve our age of information in terms of both functions and convenience. Just as Hunminjongum tried to be literally independent from the Chinese characters, so the flexibility square-format typeface designs would serve to recover identity of our Hangeul font designs.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.60-67
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• 1987

In this paper, a phoneme classification method for Korean speech recognition has been proposed and its performance has been studied. The phoneme classification has been done based on the phonemic features extracted by the prewindowed recursive least-square (PRLS) algorithm that is a kind of adaptive filter algorithms. Applying the PRLS algorithm to input speech signal, precise detection of phoneme boundaries has been made, Reference patterns of Korean phonemes have been generated by the ordinery vector quantization (VQ) of feature vectors obtained manualy from prototype regions of each phoneme. In order to obtain the performance of the proposed phoneme classification method, the method has been tested using spoken names of seven Korean cities which have eleven different consonants and eight different vowels. In the speaker-dependent phoneme classification, the accuracy is about $85\%$ considering simple phonemic rules of Korean language, while the accuracy of the speaker-independent case is far less than that of the speaker-dependent case.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.268-278
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze phonetic items such as the phonemic system, phonological rules, and pronunciation descriptions and notations incorporated in the textbooks. Based on our analysis results, we point out the problems related to pronunciation education, and suggest directions for improvement. First, the presentation order of consonants and vowels in the phonological systems sections of each textbook was different. We recommend that a standard for consonant and vowel presentation order should be prepared, but that this standard should take into consideration the specific purpose of the textbook; the learning strategies and goals, as well as the possibility of teaching and learning. Second, similar to phonemic systems, the presentation order of phonological rules was different for each textbook. To create a standard order for phonological rules, we have to standardize the order of presentation of rules and determine which rules should be presented. Furthermore, when describing phonological rules, the content should be described in common and essential terms as much as possible without the use of jargon. Third, in other matters of pronunciation, there were problems such as examples for pronunciation and lack of exercises. Regarding this, we propose to provide sentences or dialogues as examples for pronunciation, and to link these to various activities and other language functions for pronunciation practice.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2020

Korean language has the characteristics that the pronunciation of phoneme units such as vowels and consonants are fixed and the pronunciation associated with a notation does not change, so that foreign learners can approach rather easily Korean language. However, when one pronounces words, phrases, or sentences, the pronunciation changes in a manner of a wide variation and complexity at the boundaries of syllables, and the association of notation and pronunciation does not hold any more. Consequently, it is very difficult for foreign learners to study Korean standard pronunciations. Despite these difficulties, it is believed that systematic analysis of pronunciation errors for Korean words is possible according to the advantageous observations that the relationship between Korean notations and pronunciations can be described as a set of firm rules without exceptions unlike other languages including English. In this paper, we propose a visualization framework which shows the differences between standard pronunciations and erratic ones as quantitative measures on the computer screen. Previous researches only show color representation and 3D graphics of speech properties, or an animated view of changing shapes of lips and mouth cavity. Moreover, the features used in the analysis are only point data such as the average of a speech range. In this study, we propose a method which can directly use the time-series data instead of using summary or distorted data. This was realized by using the deep learning-based technique which combines Self-organizing map, variational autoencoder model, and Markov model, and we achieved a superior performance enhancement compared to the method using the point-based data.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to obtain normative nasalance scores for adult subjects speaking the Korean language and to determine whether significantly different scores exist for female and male speakers. Mean nasalance scores were obtained for normal speaking Korean adults while they are reading vowels, consonants, no nasal sentence, mild nasal sentence, and high nasal sentence. Thirty adults who had lived in Seoul area with normal articulation, resonance, and voice were included. Among the subjects 15 were male aged 24-38 years and 15 were female aged 19-33. Nasometer data were collected and analyzed using the Kay Nasometer 6400. Nasalance scores were evaluated to investigate the effect of gender by using statistical tests. Nasalance data showed that nasalance values varied accroding to speech stimuli, and there was no significant difference in nasalance scores between male and female speakers in most of the language samples.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.493-499
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• 2009

Three methods frequently used for Hangul display in computer systems are Standard Johab Code in which each of Hangul consonants and vowels is given a 5-bit code and each syllable created by combining them forms a 2-byte code, Standard Wansung Code in which each of all the syllables generally used for Hangul presentation forms a 2-byte code, and Unicode in which each syllable in most of the world's language systems is given a unique code so that it allows computers to consistently represent and manipulate them in a unified manner. An embedded system in general has a lower processing power and a limited amount of storage space, compared to a personal compute(PC) system. According to its usage, however, the former may have a processing power equal to that of the latter. Hence, when Hangul display needs to be adopted, an embedded system must choose a display method suitable for its own resource environment. This paper introduces a TFT LCD initialization method and pixel display functions of an LN2440SBC embedded board on which an LP35, a 3.5" TFT LCD kit, is attached. Using the initialization and pixel display functions, in addition, we compare three aforementioned Hangul display methods, in terms of their processing speeds and amounts of memory space required. According to experiments, Standard Johab Code requires less amount of memory space but more processing time than Standard Wansung Code, and Unicode requires the largest amount of memory space but the least processing time.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-38
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• 2023

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the difficulty level of retrieval practice and the association strength of categories and stimuli within categories on memory inhibition. Most of the studies have investigated whether inhibition was occurred by manipulating the degree of association strength, emotion value or physical characteristics of non-retrieval practice words within the retrieval practice category. Therefore, it was necessary to study how inhibition occurs according to the degree of difficulty of retrieval stimuli during retrieval practice. The difficulty of retrieval was manipulated into three levels: difficult condition, normal condition, and easy condition through the degree of presentation of consonants and vowels of words during retrieval learning. Additionally, the strength of association between categories and words within categories was manipulated. In previous studies, retrieval-induced forgetting occurred under conditions where the association strength between categories and words within the categories was strong. On the other hand, retrieval-induced forgetting did not occur under conditions where the association strength between categories and words within the categories was weak. The present study, if the inhibition process differs according to the difficulty of retrieval, the possibility of different results from previous studies was explored according to the difference in the strength of association with the category. As a result of the study, in the condition of strong association strength, retrieval-induced forgetting was observed under normal and difficult retrieval difficulty conditions. Whereas retrieval-induced forgetting was not observed under conditions of easy retrieval difficulty condition. In the condition of weak association strength, retrieval-induced forgetting tended to occur under difficult retrieval difficulty conditions. Whereas retrieval-induced forgetting was not observed under conditions of normal and easy retrieval difficulty condition. These results suggest that memory inhibition may appear differently depending on the difficulty of retrieval.