• Educational Technology International
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.43-75
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of learner behaviors, conflicting and facilitating factors during collaborative work in an online learning community(OLC). This study further seeks to investigate the difference of learner behaviors between high- and low-performing groups, and conflicting and facilitating factors. The online postings from four groups(19 students) in the spring semester(study 1) and six groups(24 students) in the fall semester(study 2) were analyzed. A coding scheme was generated based on constant comparison using the qualitative data analysis tool, NVivo. The analysis identified 7 categories of learner behaviors in both studies. Among the seven categories, information seeking and co-construction were most frequently observed in both studies. One evident difference between the high- and low-performing groups was that the high-performing groups revealed more incidents of learner behaviors in both studies. In addition, six categories of conflicting factors and five categories of facilitating factors were emerged in both studies. The inefficiency of work category was one of the most frequently observed categories in both studies. Interestingly, the high-performing groups showed more incidents of conflicting factors than the low-performing groups. This study revealed two different types of conflicting factors and there is a need for different moderating strategies depending on its type. Based on the results of the study, effective design strategies for an OLC to facilitate active learning were suggested.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.331-345
• /
• 2007

Uncertainties enter a complex analysis from a variety of sources: variability, lack of data, human errors, model simplification and lack of understanding of the underlying physics. However, for many important engineering applications insufficient data are available to justify the choice of a particular probability density function (PDF). Sometimes the only data available are in the form of interval estimates which represent, often conflicting, expert opinion. In this paper we demonstrate that Bayesian estimation techniques can successfully be used in applications where only vague interval measurements are available. The proposed approach is intended to fit within a probabilistic framework, which is established and widely accepted. To circumvent the problem of selecting a specific PDF when only little or vague data are available, a hierarchical model of a continuous family of PDF's is used. The classical Bayesian estimation methods are expanded to make use of imprecise interval data. Each of the expert opinions (interval data) are interpreted as random interval samples of a parent PDF. Consequently, a partial conflict between experts is automatically accounted for through the likelihood function.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.258-265
• /
• 2007

The aim of this study was to analyze conflicting factors between Korean and Chinese Kitchen staff within the Chinese restaurants if hotels, and formulate a plan for resolving problems. A closed-end questionnaire was used for survey, which was conducted between 30 April 2005 and 4 June 2005. The survey was conducted among Koran and Chinese (China/Taiwan) cooking staff at Chinese restaurants within 5 star hotels located in Seoul, Korea. 231 questionnaires were distributed to the staff members, and the data collected and analyzed Form the results, Chinese staffs that have more cooking experience were found to be in higher positions and receive higher salaries. In addition, compared to Korean staff, the Chinese staff had fewer problems with conflicts from personnel adminstration, personnel adminstration, personal/psychological areas, benefits/rewards and relationship with their outlet manager. Conversely, Korean staff experience more disagreements in each conflict factor area than Chinese staff, implying there is a divergence between Korean and Chinese staff.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.707-717
• /
• 2021

To the date, shipbuilding companies have applied shop primer coating which protects the steel surface from global oxidization in environment. Proper shop primer requires either anti-corrosion ability during construction or anti-porosity ability during welding, and those properties contradict to each other. This report tried to derive an optimizing parameter on these conflicting properties to select a proper shop primer. First, sufficient amounts of the natural salt spray tests were carried out to achieve a series of data for the anti-corrosion ability. Second, lots of T-joint fillet welding test were performed to evaluate the trapped porosity formed in the weld pool. According to the experimental data, we could achieve either the rust-formation rate or the porosity-formation rate, then, each rate was generalized as formulae. Then, we tried to combine these conflicting properties to decide an optimum shop primer.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.26 no.8
• /
• pp.955-963
• /
• 1999

다단계 보안 실시간 데이타베이스 시스템은 데이타베이스의 일관성 유지와 실시간 요구인 마감시간의 만족, 그리고 기밀성을 띤 데이타가 노출될 수 있는 비밀채널(covert-channel)의 방지라는 요구사항을 모두 만족해야 한다. 기존의 SRT-2PL(Secure Real-Time 2 Phase Locking)은 원본과 복사본으로 데이타 객체를 분리시켜 다른 등급간에 불간섭(non-interference)을 유지하여 비밀채널의 방지를 가능하게 하였으나, 복사본이 모든 데이타 객체에 대해 항상 존재하므로 메모리의 낭비가 있을 수 있고, 복사본의 갱신을 위한 갱신 큐의 관리에 따르는 오버헤드와 그에 따른 예측성 결여라는 문제점을 갖고 있다. 이를 개선하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 다단계 보안 실시간 데이타베이스 시스템의 요구사항을 모두 만족하는 동적 복사 프로토콜을 제안한다. 동적 복사 프로토콜은 로킹 기법을 기초로 동작하고, 트랜잭션의 작업에 따라 동적으로 복사본을 생성하고 삭제한다. 모의 실험 결과 제안한 동적 복사 프로토콜은 비밀채널을 방지하고 동적인 복사본의 생성으로 SRT-2PL의 단점인 메모리 낭비를 줄일 수 있으며, 예측성을 높여 마감시간 오류율을 감소시켰다.Abstract Concurrency control of real-time secure database system must satisfy not only logical data consistency but also timing constraints and security requirements associated with transactions. These conflicting natures between timing constraints and security requirements are often resolved by maintaining several versions(or secondary copies) on the same data items. In this paper, we propose a new lock-based concurrency control protocol, Dynamic Copy Security Protocol, ensuring both two conflicting requirements. Our protocol aims for reducing the storage overhead of maintaining secondary copies and minimizing the processing overhead of update history. Main idea of our protocol is to keep a secondary copy only when it is needed to resolve the conflicting read/write operations in real time secure database systems. For doing this, a secondary copy is dynamically created and removed during a transaction's read/write operations according to our protocol. We have also examined the performance characteristics of our protocol through simulation under different workloads while comparing the existing real time security protocol. The results show that our protocol consumed less storage and decreased the missing deadline transactions.

• Advances in Computational Design
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.241-256
• /
• 2017

This paper introduces the process for Multi-objective Optimization Framework (MOF) which mediates multiple conflicting design targets. Even though the extensive researches have shown the benefits of optimization in engineering and design disciplines, most optimizations have been limited to the performance-related targets or the single-objective optimization which seek optimum solution within one design parameter. In design practice, however, designers should consider the multiple parameters whose resultant purposes are conflicting. The MOF is a BIM-integrated and simulation-based parametric workflow capable of optimizing the configuration of building components by using performance and non-performance driven measure to satisfy requirements including build programs, climate-based daylighting, occupant's experience, construction cost and etc. The MOF will generate, evaluate all different possible configurations within the predefined each parameter, present the most optimized set of solution, and then feed BIM environment to minimize data loss across software platform. This paper illustrates how Multi-objective optimization methodology can be utilized in design practice by integrating advanced simulation, optimization algorithm and BIM.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.48-58
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the present status of the work performance of the construction industry health managers and the developmental direction for the construction industry health management. Methods: The subjects of this study were 149 health managers working in the construction industry. Data of a total of 130 participants were analyzed by excluding the missing data among field workers. The contents of the survey were the characteristics of the workplace, the difficulties and requirements of health management, and the level of job performance. Results: The factors affecting measuring work environment task were age, number of workers, number of safety managers, and lack of support from the headquarters. The factors affecting managing work environment and physicochemical harmful factors were age, type of contract and conflicting business opinions. The factors affecting implementing health examination were age, type of contract, and number of safety managers. The factors affecting healthcare were age, type of contract, number of safety manager, presence of healthcare room, and conflicting business opinions. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide practical guidance and practical resources, and education for strengthening capacity. The support for business owners and managers support is needed.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.567-581
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the facilitating and conflicting factors on the emerging technologies and trends predicted to impact future education in Korea. To do this, open online questionnaires on 20 emerging technologies and trends derived from a comprehensive literature review were completed by 24 experts in research, policy, schools, and corporate fields, and a content analysis of the collected qualitative data was conducted. As a result of the study, the effectiveness of the content and the maturity of technology were found to be the most important facilitating factors and obstacles. In addition, the potential for innovative teaching and learning methods and motivation, and the maturity and popularity of technology were found to be the main facilitating factors. On the other hand, health problems and negative effects on students in ethical aspects, the lack of research and development, and poor networks and infrastructures in terms of education environment were found to be the main impeding factors of emerging technologies and trends.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.327-330
• /
• 2008

It is required that a server which communicates with various client simultaneously should have an efficient data transfer model. In Windows$^{(R)}$ environment, the server was generally developed based on IOCP model. Developing the IOCP model, the server generally has one data transfer buffer per client. If the server divides a larger data than the transfer buffer into several fragments, there used to be a problem in sending it to a client, because there is a conflict in a data transfer buffer. That is, CPU requests one data-fragment transfer, then it will request the next data-fragment transfer successively before completing the previous request, owing to the property of overlapped IO model. In this paper, we proposed the transfer buffer sharing technique to solve the conflicting problem. The experimental result shows that the performance of data transfer was enhanced by 39% maximally.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
• /
• 2015.10a
• /
• pp.19-20
• /
• 2015

Since 2013, Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) has introduced big data initiatively in administration and put into practices in transportation, safety, welfare in order to overcome limited resources and conflicting interests. For establishing a new midnight bus service, SMG prepared optimized midnight bus routes by analyzing big data from mobile phone Call Data Record (CDR) through collaboration with a telecommunication company. Despite of limited budget and resources, newly identified routes can cover over 42% of the citizen with 9 routes and less than 1% of buses compare with day time operation. In addition to solve transportation problem, SMG utilizes big data to resolve location selection problem for choosing new facility locations such as life double cropping centers and senior citizen leisure centers. As results, SMG demonstrates big data as a good tool to make policies and to build smarter city by overcome space-time limitation of resources, mediation of conflicts, and maximizes benefit of the citizen.